Ibn Khaldun

**Ibn Khaldun**
Muslim scholar; Medieval era
	Ibn Khaldun ke murti Tunis me
Name	Ibn Khaldun
Birth	27 May, 1332 AD / 732 AH
Death	19 March 1406 AD / 808 AH
School/tradition	Maliki madhab, ; Islamic economic jurisprudence
Main interests	Social Sciences, Sociology, History, Historiography, Cultural History, Philosophy of History, Demography, Diplomacy, Economics, Islamic Studies, Military Theory, Philosophy, Politics, Statecraft, Theology
Notable ideas	Forerunner of demography, historiography, cultural history, philosophy of history, sociology, social sciences, and modern economics. Developed theories of Asabiyyah and the rise and fall of civilizations.
Influences	Aristotle, Muhammad, Malik ibn Anas, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi, Farabi, Avicenna, al-Ghazali, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Muslim economists;
Influenced	Al-Maqrizi, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Robert Flint, Taha Hussein, Arnold J. Toynbee, Ernest Gellner, Franz Rosenthal, Franz Oppenheimer, Arthur Laffer, Fernand Braudel, social scientists ;

Abdul Rahman Ibn Khaldun, 14th century ke North Africa ke ek thinker rahaa. Uske janam 1332 me Tunis me bhaes rahaa. Khaldun sarkar me bahut rakam se kaam karis rahaa. Uu kuchh din talak Marrakesh, Morocco me rahaa. Uske baad uu Cairo chal diis jahan pe uske maut 1406 me bhaes jab uu ek judge ke kaam karat rahaa.

Khaldun dui book likis rahaa jon ki Muqaddimah (Proglemena) aurAutobiography rahaa.

Khaldun sociology ke suruu karis rahaa aur Middle Ages me Islam ke baare me sab se barraa writer rahaa.

Bachpan ke din aur palwaar

Ibn Khaldun ke life-size piital ke bust sculpture jon Arab American National Museum (Catalog Number 2010.02) me hae. Iske Tunisian Community Center commission karis rahaa aur Patrick Morelli of Albany, New York me, 2009 me banais rahaa. Iske inspire kare waala statue of Ibn Khaldun, jon Avenue Habib Bourguiba in Tunis me hae, rahaa.^[1]

Ibn Khaldun ke jiwan kahaani, uu timme ke aur log ke mukaable me, achchhaa se documented hae, kaaheki uu ek autobiography publish karis rahaa(التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا, at-Taʻrīf bi-ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatih Gharban wa-Sharqan;^[2] Presenting Ibn Khaldun and his Journey West and East) jisme dher documentuske jindagi ke baare me, ke word-for-word quote karaa gais hae.

Abū Zayd 'Abdu r-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Khaldūn Al-Hadrami, jiske jaada kar ke "Ibn Khaldūn" ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, jon ek duur ke ancestor rahaa, ke janam Tunis me AD 1332 (732 AH) ek upper-class Andalusian palwaar jon Arab descent ke rahaa, me bhais rahaa.^[3] TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi ii note kare hae ki uske dher nisbahs se describe karaa gais hae , jisme hae al-Ḥaḍramī (reflecting claimed origins in Ḥaḍramawt), zur al-Tūnisī aur al-Maghribī bhi, kaaheki uu North Africa me paida bhais rahaa .^[4] Ii aur note kare hae ki 749/1348 ke plaque uske youth ke khaas saal rahaa, jon time uu aa aapn dher nagiich ke palwaar aur teacher log ke khoe diis rahaa .^[4] Uske palwaar ke ancestor ek Hadhrami jon Wa'il ibn Hujr ke palwaar rahaa, se related rahaa ,jon Islamic prophet Muhammad ke saathi rahaa. Uske palwaar, jon dher high offices me hold kare rahin al-Andalus, Tunisia se fall of Seville ke rahin . Jab ki uske kuchh palwaar ke log Tunisian Hafsid dynasty me political position pe rahin, uske pitaji aur aaja political life se nikal ke mystical order ke join kar le rahin. Uske bhaiyaa, Yahya ibn Khaldun, bhi ek historian rahaa, jon ek book Abdalwadid dynasty pe likhis rahaa aur uske ek virodhi maar diis rahaa kaaheki uu court ke official historiographer rahaa.^[5] Ibn Khaldun aapan maiyaa, bappa aur kuchh teacher log ke plague of 749, or 1348 me khoe diis rahaa. Iske baad, Sultan Abū al-Ḥasan Fez laut ke aae gais, aapan scholars ke saathe jiske uu Tunis laais. Ibn Khaldun pahike maangat rahaa Fez jaawe, aapan teachers ke saathe, aaur aapan sikchhaa ke jaari rakkis rahaa , lekin uske barraa bhaiyaa Muḥammad uske ulta advice diis.^[6]

Aapan jiwan kahaani me, Khaldun aapan purwaj ke Prophet Muhammad talak trace kare hae, ek Arab tribe se jon Arabian Peninsula ke rahin, khaas kar ke the Hadhramaut, jon Iberian Peninsula 8th century me aae rahin, Islamic conquest ke suruu me: "Aue hamlog ke purway hae Hadhramaut se, Arabs , Arabian Peninsula se, Wa'il ibn Hujr ke rasta se, jiske Hujr ibn 'Adi bhi bola jaawe hae, Arabs ke sab se achchhaa jan se, jaana-maana aur aadar ke kaabil." (p. 2429, Al-Waraq's edition).

Ibn Khaldunaapan Arab ancestry ke insist karat rahaa, uu time jab Berber dynasties dominate karat rahaa, aur ii kaaran se uske daawa ke biswas karaa jaae sake hae.^[7]^[8]

Sikchhaa

Uske palwaar ke high rank ke kaaran Ibn Khaldun Maghreb ke sab se achchhaa teaher ke niche parrhis rahaa. He received a Uske ek classical Islamic education mila rahaa, jisme uu Quran ke parrhis rahaa, aur iske by heart jaanat rahaa, Arabic linguistics sikhis rahaa; jisse uu Qur'an, hadith, sharia (law) aur fiqh (jurisprudence) ke samjhe sakat rahaa. Uske certification (ijazah) ii sab subject me milaa rahaa.^[9] Uu Quran ke ʿAbd Allāh ibn Saʿd ibn Nazzāl ke khaatir recite karis rahaa, aur iske uu akele aur duusra jan ke saathe bhi karis rahaa. Uu aapan abba se Arbii sikhis rahaa , jiske naam Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Sāʾirī rahaa, aur duusra teacher se bhi . ^[10] Mathematician aur philosopher Al-Abili of Tlemcen uske mathematics, logic, aur philosophy parrhais rahaa. Uu Averroes, Avicenna, Razi aur Tusi ke kaam ke parrhis rahaa. 17 saal ke umar me, Ibn Khaldūn ke maiyaa aur bappa Black Death, ek intercontinental epidemic of the plague jon Tunis ke 1348–1349 me hit karis rahaa, me mar gay rahin.^[11] Al-Sakhāwī batae hae ki uu Qur’an ke by heart jaanat rahaa aur qirāʾāt (including the seven readings) parrhis rahaa, Arabic aur Mālikī jurisprudence ke saathe, Tunis me, uske baad ke travels aur state service se pahile.(entry no. 387)shif

Palwaar ke tradition ke follow kar ke, uu political career liis rahaa. North Africa ke kharaam political situation ke kaaran, iske khaatir uske high degree of skill rahe ke rahaa aur uu nawaa alliance banaawat rhaa aur puraana ke chhorrat rahaa uu time ke short-lived regimes ke kaaran.^[12] Ibn Khaldūn ke autobiography ek adventure ke khissa hae, jisme uu jahel me rahaa, sab se uppar ke position me rahaa aur exile me bhi rahaa.

References

↑ "Arab American National Museum : Online Collections". Retrieved 25 February 2017.
↑ Published by Muḥammad ibn Tāwīt aṭ-Ṭanjī, Cairo 1951
↑ Barakat, Halim (1993). The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State. University of California Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780520914421. "The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power."
1 2 "İBN HALDÛN". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2026-02-22.
↑ "Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy" (in fr). Journal Asiatique (Paris: Société asiatique) 3 (12): 491. 1841. https://books.google.com/books?id=blQpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA484.
↑ ULUDAĞ, SÜLEYMAN. "İBN HALDÛN". Islam Ansiklopedisi. TDV.
↑ Hozien, Muhammad. "Notes on Ibn Khaludn's Life". Muslim philosophy.
↑ Enan, Mohammad Abdullah (2007). Ibn Khaldūn: His Life and Works. The Other Press. ISBN 978-983-9541-53-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=OQTNO3CWmpAC&pg=PA7.
↑ Muhammad Hozien. "Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work". Islamic Philosophy Online. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
↑ al‑Ḥanbalī, Ibn al‑ʿImād (1931–1932). Shadharāt al-dhahab fī akhbār man dhahab. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qudsī. pp. 71-72. https://hdl.handle.net/2333.1/fn2z38zr.
↑ "Saudi Aramco World: Ibn Khaldun and the Rise and Fall of Empires". archive.aramcoworld.com. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
↑ "Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work". www.muslimphilosophy.com. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2017.

[1] "Arab American National Museum : Online Collections". Retrieved 25 February 2017.

[2] Published by Muḥammad ibn Tāwīt aṭ-Ṭanjī, Cairo 1951

[Barakat1993-3] Barakat, Halim (1993). The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State. University of California Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780520914421. "The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power."

[:2-4] 1 2 "İBN HALDÛN". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2026-02-22.

[5] "Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy" (in fr). Journal Asiatique (Paris: Société asiatique) 3 (12): 491. 1841. https://books.google.com/books?id=blQpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA484.

[6] ULUDAĞ, SÜLEYMAN. "İBN HALDÛN". Islam Ansiklopedisi. TDV.

[Hozien-7] Hozien, Muhammad. "Notes on Ibn Khaludn's Life". Muslim philosophy.

[8] Enan, Mohammad Abdullah (2007). Ibn Khaldūn: His Life and Works. The Other Press. ISBN 978-983-9541-53-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=OQTNO3CWmpAC&pg=PA7.

[9] Muhammad Hozien. "Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work". Islamic Philosophy Online. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2008.

[10] ‑Ḥanbalī, Ibn al‑ʿImād (1931–1932). Shadharāt al-dhahab fī akhbār man dhahab. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qudsī. pp. 71-72. https://hdl.handle.net/2333.1/fn2z38zr.

[11] "Saudi Aramco World: Ibn Khaldun and the Rise and Fall of Empires". archive.aramcoworld.com. Retrieved 6 December 2017.

[12] "Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work". www.muslimphilosophy.com. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2017.

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