Mangalgrah

**Mangalgrah**
	The planet MarsMars as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope
Orbital characteristics; Epoch J2000
Aphelion	249,209,300 km; 1.665 861 AU
Perihelion	206,669,000 km; 1.381 497 AU
Semi-major axis	227,939,100 km; 1.523 679 AU
Eccentricity	0.093 315
Orbital period	686.971 day; 1.8808 Julian years; 668.5991 sols
Synodic period	779.96 day; 2.135 Julian years
Average orbital speed	24.077 km/s
Inclination	1.850° to ecliptic; 5.65° to Sun's equator; 1.67° to invariable plane
Longitude of ascending node	49.562°
Argument of perihelion	286.537°
Satellites	2
Physical characteristics
Equatorial radius	3,396.2 ± 0.1 km; 0.533 Earths
Polar radius	3,376.2 ± 0.1 km; 0.531 Earths
Flattening	0.005 89 ± 0.000 15
Surface area	144,798,500 km²; 0.284 Earths
Volume	1.6318×1011 km³; 0.151 Earths
Mass	6.4185×1023 kg; 0.107 Earths
Mean density	3.934 g/cm³
Equatorial surface gravity	3.69 m/s²; 0.376 g
Escape velocity	5.027 km/s
Sidereal rotation period	1.025 957 day; 24.622 96 h
Rotation velocity at equator	868.22 km/h (241.17 m/s)
Axial tilt	25.19°
Right ascension of North pole	21 h 10 min 44 s; 317.681 43°
Declination of North pole	52.886 50°
Albedo	0.15 (geometric) or 0.25 (bond)
Apparent magnitude	+1.8 to −2.91
Angular size	3.5—25.1"
Adjectives	Martian
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	0.6–1.0 kPa
Composition	95.72% Carbon dioxide; 2.7% Nitrogen; 1.6% Argon; 0.2% Oxygen; 0.07% Carbon monoxide; 0.03% Water vapor; 0.01% Nitric oxide; 2.5 ppm Neon; 300 ppb Krypton; 130 ppb Formaldehyde; 80 ppb Xenon; 30 ppb Ozone; 10 ppb Methane

Mangalgrah (pratiik: , Mars) Solar System me Suraj se dur chhota planet hae. English me iska naam, Mars, Roman ke yudh karne waala bhagwaan ke naam se aisa hae kyoki iska rang laal hae joki khuun ka rang hae.

Mangalreah, Suraj se chauthaa grah hae. Ii grah ke matti laal-gulaabi hae, kaaheki isme dher iron oxide hae aur yahii kaaran se iske "Laal grah" ke naam dewa gais hae..^[5] Mangalgrah, dunia se dekhaae aasmaan me ek sab se jaada bright chij hae. Ii ek terrestrial grah hae aur saur mandal ke duusra sab se chhotaa grah hae, jiske diameter 6,779 km (4,212 mi) hae. Mangalgrah ke ek din 24.6 ghantaa ke rahe hae aur iske ek saal 1.88 dunia ke saal ke baraabar hae (687 dunia ke baraabar din). Mangalgrah ke lage dui chandarma hae, Phobos aur Deimos

Mangalgrah ke north hissa samthar hae, jab ki south ke hissa cratar se bharaa hae. Hian pe dher barraa barraa exticnt jwakamukhi hae, jisme se sab se uuncha Olympus Mons hae, jiske uunchaai 21.9 km or 13.6 mi hae aur saur mandal ke sab se barraa canyon, Valles Marineris, jiske lambaae 4,000 km or 2,500 mi hae. Iske dharti ke bhittar dher bhukamp hoe hae. Mangalgrah ke polar ice caps me dher carbon dioxide hae. Saal bhar me average temperature −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) aur 5.7 °C (42.3 °F) ke biich me rahe hae. Iske axis ke tilt 23.5 degrees hae.

Mangalgrah 4.5 billion saal pahile banaa rahaa. 4.5 se 3.5 billion saal pahile ii grah ke surface meteor impact se marked rahaa, valley banatrahha, erosion howat rahaa aur saait hian pe samundar bhi rahaa. 3.5 se 3.3–2.9 billion saal pahile hian pe dher jwalamukhi fuutat rahaa aur baarr ke kaaran dher channels banaa rahaa. Uu time se abhi talak hawaa jaada chale hae. Lig ii biswas kare hae ki saait pahila hian pe jiu rahaa hoi.

20th century me Mangalgrah me dher spacecraft aur rover bheja gais hae. 1965 me pahila dafe Marina 4 Mangalgrah ke bagal se urr ke gais rahaa, 1971 me Mars 2 pahila dafe orbit karis aur 1976 me Viking 1 pahila dafe hian pe utra rahaa. 2023 me 11 orbiroes aur rovers ii grah ke parigrama kare hae. Aage waala saal me aur dher mission hian ke khaatir plan karaa gais hae.

Mangalgrah ka jaankari

Mars ke lage hue chhota chhota chandrama hae, jiske naam Phobos aur Deimos he. Is planet me jaada kar ke patthar he. Iski matti laal he kahe ki hian pagal ho gaye hae pe dher iron oxide (murcha) hae.^[6] Ii planet me thorra se carbon dioxide ke atmosphere hae. Mangalgrah ke temperature dunia se aur jaada thanda hae, kahe ki ii Suraj se aur duur har. Mangalgrah ke north aur south pole me ice aur frozen carbon dioxide hae. Mars me paani nai hae, poles ke alawa, lekin scientist log ii soche hae ki hian pe pahile paani rahaa.

Physical characteristics

Magalgrah ke diameter, dunia ke lagbhag aadha hae, lekin iske surface area dunia ke jhuura jagha ke surface arease khaali thorra kamtii hae. Ii grah dunia se kamtii dense hae aur iske volume dunia ke khaali 15% hae aur mass khaali 11% hae. Iske kaaran iske gravity dunia ke khaali 38% hae. Mangalgrah ke abhi ek desert planet bola jaae hae, kaaheki iske surface dunia ke desert ke rakam hae. ^[7]

Internal structure

Mapped gravity field of Mars

Mangalgrah ka Itihaas

Mangalgrah ke baare me pichhle kai varso se jaana jata hae. Greek log is planet ko Ares khte the , lekin jab Roman log raj karne lage tab ve log iske naam ko badal kr Mars ka nam de diya.

Ii planet ke chapa banae me pahila kaam Giovanni Schiaparelli karis rahaa. Ii jon kuchh aapan duurbin se dekhis rahaa uske confuse kar diis kahe ki uu canal ke jiske paani ke khatir khoda gias rahaa, ke dekhis. Iske kaaran log ii soche lagin ki Mangalgrah me janwar aur alien rahe hae. Aajkal ii planet me rocket bheje ke kaaran ham log ii jantaa hae ki ii planet me koi janwar nai hae.

References

↑ Yeomans, Donald K. (2006-07-13). "HORIZONS System". NASA JPL. Retrieved 2007-08-08.—At the site, go to the "web interface" then select "Ephemeris Type: ELEMENTS", "Target Body: Mars" and "Center: Sun".
↑ "The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter". 2009-04-03. Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2009-04-10. (produced with Solex 10 written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also invariable plane)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, B. A.; A'hearn, M. F.; et al. (2007). "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 98 (3): 155–180. doi:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "Mars: Facts & Figures". NASA. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
↑ Rees, Martin J., ed. (October 2012). Universe: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0-7566-9841-6.
↑ "NASA Mars Page". Volcanology of Mars (Retrieved via the Internet Archive). Retrieved 2009-05-13.
↑ NASA – Mars in a Minute: Is Mars Really Red? Archived 20 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine (Transcript Archived 6 Navambar 2015 at the Wayback Machine) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stähler
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2023Natur.622..712S

Dusre websites

Mars at Space Wiki
Mars at ESA/Hubble
Mars Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Mars - About Space
NASA's Mars fact sheet
Mars Research News
Planets - Mars A kid's guide to Mars.

[horizons-1] Yeomans, Donald K. (2006-07-13). "HORIZONS System". NASA JPL. Retrieved 2007-08-08.—At the site, go to the "web interface" then select "Ephemeris Type: ELEMENTS", "Target Body: Mars" and "Center: Sun".

[meanplane-2] "The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter". 2009-04-03. Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2009-04-10. (produced with Solex 10 written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also invariable plane)

[Seidelmann2007-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, B. A.; A'hearn, M. F.; et al. (2007). "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 98 (3): 155–180. doi:10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y. Retrieved 2007-08-28.

[nasa-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "Mars: Facts & Figures". NASA. Retrieved 2007-03-06.

[Rees2012-5] Rees, Martin J., ed. (October 2012). Universe: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0-7566-9841-6.

[6] "NASA Mars Page". Volcanology of Mars (Retrieved via the Internet Archive). Retrieved 2009-05-13.

[ismars-7] NASA – Mars in a Minute: Is Mars Really Red? Archived 20 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine (Transcript Archived 6 Navambar 2015 at the Wayback Machine) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[Stähler-8] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Stähler

[2023Natur.622..712S-9] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2023Natur.622..712S

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v • d • e Saur mandal (Solar System)

Suraj • Heliosphere	Grah (Planets) ☾ = Chaand ∅ = rings		Budhgrah (Mercury)	Sukhgrah (Venus)	Dunia (Earth) ☾	Mangalgrah (Mars) ☾

			Brahaspati (Jupiter) ☾ ∅	Sanigrah (Saturn) ☾ ∅	Arungrah (Uranus) ☾ ∅	Varungrah (Neptune) ☾ ∅

	Bauna grah (Dwarf planet)		Ceres	Pluto ☾	Haumea ☾	Makemake

			Eris ☾

	Small Solar System bodies	Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets)	Groups and families: Vulcanoids · Near-Earth asteroids · Asteroid belt Jupiter Trojans · Centaurs · Neptune Trojans · Asteroid moons · Meteoroids · Pallas · Juno · Vesta · Hygiea ·
		Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets)	See also the list of asteroids.

		Trans- Neptunians	Kuiper belt – Plutinos: Orcus · Ixion – Cubewanos: Varuna · Quaoar · Huya
		Trans- Neptunians	Scattered disc: Sedna

		Jhaarru	Lists of periodic and non-periodic comets Damocloids · Hills cloud · Oort cloud
See also the list of solar system objects