Sanigrah

Sanigrah
	Saturn aur iske rings, jiske Cassini orbiter utaris rahaa.
Designations
Named after	Saturn
Adjectives	Saturnian /səˈtɜːrniən/, Cronian; Kronian /ˈkroʊniən/
Symbol
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch J2000.0
Aphelion	1,514.50 million km (10.1238 AU)
Perihelion	1,352.55 million km (9.0412 AU)
Semi-major axis	1,433.53 million km (9.5826 AU)
Eccentricity	0.0565
Orbital period (sidereal)	29.4475 yr; 10,755.70 d; 24,225 Saturnian solar days;
Orbital period (synodic)	378.09 days
Average orbital speed	9.68 km/s
Mean anomaly	317.020°
Inclination	2.485° to ecliptic; 5.51° to Sun's equator; 0.93° to invariable plane;
Longitude of ascending node	113.665°
Time of perihelion	2032-Nov-29
Argument of perihelion	339.392°
Known satellites	274 with formal designations;; innumerable additional moonlets.
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	58232 km ; 9.1402 Earths
Equatorial radius	60268 kmRefers to the level of; 1 bar atmospheric pressure</ref>; 9.449 Earths;
Polar radius	54364 km; 8.552 Earths;
Flattening	0.09796
Circumference	365882.4 km (equatorial)
Surface area	4.27×1010 km2; 83.703 Earths;
Volume	8.2713×1014 km3; 763.59 Earths;
Mass	5.6834×1026 kg; 95.159 Earths;
Mean density	0.687 g/cm3Based on the volume within; the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure; 0.1246 Earths
Surface gravity	10.44 m/s2; 1.065 g0
Moment of inertia factor	0.22
Escape velocity	35.5 km/s
Synodic rotation period	10 h 32 m 36 s; ; 10.5433 hours, 10 h 39 m; ; 10.7 hours
Sidereal rotation period	10h 33m 38s Template:+-
Equatorial rotation velocity	9.87 km/s
Axial tilt	26.73° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension	40.589°; 2h 42m 21s
North pole declination	83.537°
Albedo	0.342 (Bond); 0.499 (geometric);
Apparent magnitude	−0.55 to +1.17
Absolute magnitude (H)	−9.7
Angular diameter	14.5″ to 20.1″ (excludes rings)
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	>>1000 bars
Scale height	59.5 km
Composition by volume	96.3%±2.4% hydrogen; 3.25%±2.4% helium; 0.45%±0.2% methane; 0.0125%±0.0075% ammonia; 0.0110%±0.0058% hydrogen deuteride; 0.0007%±0.00015% ethane; Icy volatiles: ammonia; water ice; ammonium hydrosulfide; ;

Sanigrah (pratiik: , Saturn) Saur Mandal me Suraj se duur 6th grah hae, Jupiter ke baad duusra sab se barraa hae. Ii ek gas giant hae, jiske average radius dunia ke lagbhag 9 times hae. Iske average density dunia ke makable me one-eighth hae, lekin iske mass 95 dafe jaada hae. Jab Saturn lagbhag Jupiter ke baraabar hae, Sanigrah ke mass khaali one-third hae. Saturn, Suraj ke parikrmaa 9.59 AU (1,434 million km) duur se kare hae, aur iske orbital period 29.45 saal hae.

Ii socha jaae hae ki Saturn ke bhittar patthar ke core hae, jiske metallic hydrogen ke ek gahiraa layer surround kare hae, ek biich waala layer jisme liquid hydrogen aur liquid helium hae, aur ek bahaar ke layer jisme gas hae. Sanigrah pale piyar rang hae, jiske kaaran hae iske uppar ke atmosphere me ammonia crystals. Ii socha jaae hae ki ek electrical current metallic hydrogen layer me Saturn ke planetary magnetic field ke kaaran hae, jon dunia ke field se kamjor hae, lekin iske magnetic moment dunia se 580 dafe jaada hae, jiske kaaran hae Saturn ke barraa size. Saturn ke magnetic field, Jupoter ke mukable me one-twentieth hae. Bahaae ke atmosphere bland hae aur isme koi contrast nai hae. Sanigrah ke hawaa ke raftaar 1,800 kilometres per hour (1,100 miles per hour) hae.

Duusra websites

Saturn at Space Wiki
Saturn at ESA/Hubble
Saturn Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Saturn Archived 2008-10-13 at the Wayback Machine - About Space
NASA's Saturn fact sheet
NASA's Cassini mission to Saturn
Change of seasons on Saturn
Theoretical description of the rings of Saturn
Saturn Research News
A Trip Into Space Description and photos of Saturn
Planets - Saturn A kid's guide to Saturn.
A WAV file of radio emissions from Saturn Archived 2023-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
NASA's Cassini Images of Hexagon on Saturn Archived 2009-12-16 at the Wayback Machine

↑ "Enabling Exploration with Small Radioisotope Power Systems" (PDF). NASA. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
↑ Müller (2010). "Azimuthal plasma flow in the Kronian magnetosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (A8): A08203. doi:10.1029/2009ja015122. ISSN 0148-0227.
1 2 "Planetary Physical Parameters". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
↑ "HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for November 2032 Perihelion". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov (Perihelion for Saturn's planet-center (699) occurs on 2032-Nov-29 at 9.0149170au during a rdot flip from negative to positive). NASA/JPL. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
↑ "By the Numbers – Saturn". NASA Solar System Exploration. NASA. 10 November 2017. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
↑ Fortney, J.J.; Helled, R.; Nettlemann, N.; Stevenson, D.J.; Marley, M.S.; Hubbard, W.B.; Iess, L. (6 December 2018). "The Interior of Saturn". Saturn in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–68. ISBN 978-1-108-68393-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=p358DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
↑ "Scientists Finally Know What Time It Is on Saturn", NASA, 18 January 2019.
↑ Mankovich, Christopher (17 January 2019). "Cassini Ring Seismology as a Probe of Saturn's Interior. I. Rigid Rotation". The Astrophysical Journal 871 (1): 1. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf798.
1 2 Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L. et al. (2018). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015" (in en). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 130 (3): 22. doi:10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5. ISSN 0923-2958. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5.
1 2 "Saturn's Temperature Ranges". Sciencing. 20 April 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
↑ "The Planet Saturn". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
↑ "Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies". IMCCE. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
↑ Knecht, Robin (24 October 2005). "On The Atmospheres Of Different Planets" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.

[1] "Enabling Exploration with Small Radioisotope Power Systems" (PDF). NASA. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.

[2] Müller (2010). "Azimuthal plasma flow in the Kronian magnetosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (A8): A08203. doi:10.1029/2009ja015122. ISSN 0148-0227.

[JPL-3] 1 2 "Planetary Physical Parameters". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

[horizons-perihelion-4] "HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for November 2032 Perihelion". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov (Perihelion for Saturn's planet-center (699) occurs on 2032-Nov-29 at 9.0149170au during a rdot flip from negative to positive). NASA/JPL. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.

[5] "By the Numbers – Saturn". NASA Solar System Exploration. NASA. 10 November 2017. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

[Fortney2018-6] Fortney, J.J.; Helled, R.; Nettlemann, N.; Stevenson, D.J.; Marley, M.S.; Hubbard, W.B.; Iess, L. (6 December 2018). "The Interior of Saturn". Saturn in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–68. ISBN 978-1-108-68393-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=p358DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51. Retrieved 23 July 2019.

[NASA-20190118-7] "Scientists Finally Know What Time It Is on Saturn", NASA, 18 January 2019.

[APJ-20190117-8] Mankovich, Christopher (17 January 2019). "Cassini Ring Seismology as a Probe of Saturn's Interior. I. Rigid Rotation". The Astrophysical Journal 871 (1): 1. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf798.

[iau2015-9] 1 2 Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L. et al. (2018). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015" (in en). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 130 (3): 22. doi:10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5. ISSN 0923-2958. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5.

[min_max-10] 1 2 "Saturn's Temperature Ranges". Sciencing. 20 April 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.

[11] "The Planet Saturn". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.

[IMCCE-12] "Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies". IMCCE. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

[13] Knecht, Robin (24 October 2005). "On The Atmospheres Of Different Planets" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.

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v • d • e Saur mandal (Solar System)

Suraj • Heliosphere	Grah (Planets) ☾ = Chaand ∅ = rings		Budhgrah (Mercury)	Sukhgrah (Venus)	Dunia (Earth) ☾	Mangalgrah (Mars) ☾

			Brahaspati (Jupiter) ☾ ∅	Sanigrah (Saturn) ☾ ∅	Arungrah (Uranus) ☾ ∅	Varungrah (Neptune) ☾ ∅

	Bauna grah (Dwarf planet)		Ceres	Pluto ☾	Haumea ☾	Makemake

			Eris ☾

	Small Solar System bodies	Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets)	Groups and families: Vulcanoids · Near-Earth asteroids · Asteroid belt Jupiter Trojans · Centaurs · Neptune Trojans · Asteroid moons · Meteoroids · Pallas · Juno · Vesta · Hygiea ·
		Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets)	See also the list of asteroids.

		Trans- Neptunians	Kuiper belt – Plutinos: Orcus · Ixion – Cubewanos: Varuna · Quaoar · Huya
		Trans- Neptunians	Scattered disc: Sedna

		Jhaarru	Lists of periodic and non-periodic comets Damocloids · Hills baadal · Oort baadal
See also the list of solar system objects