Paani

Paani ek inorganic compound hae, jiske chemical formula H₂O hae. Paani jhillarr (transparent), besawaad, bina gandh ke, aur berang chemical substance hae. Ii dunia ke hydrosphere ke main constituent hae aur ii sab jinda chij me rahe hae. Kaaheki paani ek polar molecule hae, ii tagrraa intermolecular hydrogen bond banae hae, jon iske physical aur chemical properties ke khaas kaaran hae. ^[1] Ii sab rakam ke jiu khaatir jaruri hae, lekin ii khaana waala taagat nai de hae. Kaaheki ii sab jiu me hae, chemically stable hae, ii dunia bhar me paawa jaawe hae, iske tagrraa polarity hae, paani ke "universal solvent" bola jaawe hae. ^[2]

Kaaheki dunia ke waatawaran, paani ke triple point ke nagiich hae, dunia me paani tiino solid, a liquid, aur gas ke ruup me rahe hae.^[3] Paani se barsaat aur fog hoe hae. Baadal me paani aur ice ke chhota-chhota droplet rahe hae. Jab ice ke aur chhota karaa jaawe hae tab ii snow ban jaawe hae. Paani ke gas ke state bharf hae.

Paani, dunia ke 71.0% surface ke cover kare hae, aur samundar aur mahaasaagar me iske lagbhag 96.5%nvolume hae.^[4] Thhorraa paani jamiin ke niche rahe hae (1.7%), glaciers aur Antarctica aur Greenland ke icecap (1.7%), hawaa me bharf ke ruup me , baadal , aur barsaat (0.001%).^[5]^[6] Paani sab samay water cycle, jisme evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, aur runoff hae, me rahe hae.

Paani, dunia ke economy me ek khaas role play kare hae. Insaan ke kaam me laae waala paani ke 70% ke khet ke siche ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawe hae. ^[7] Khaara paani aur mitthaa paani me machhri maarna dunia ke dher hissa me khaana ke ek important source hae, jisse dunia ke 6.5% of protein mile hae.^[8] Jaada, tradeboat se, jon samundar, naddi, talaab aur khaarri me se jaawe hae, se karaa jaawe hae. Industry aur ghar ke garmaae aur thandaa kare ke khaatir dher paani ke kaam me laawa jaawe hae. Paani, dher chij ke khaatir solvent ke ruup me kaam me laawa jaawe hae, aur ii kaaran se iske dher industrial processes jaise khaana pakaana aur dhoe ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawe hae. Paani, ice, aur snow ke dher khel-kuud, jaise pahurrnaa, nao chalaana, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, aur skiing ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawe hae.

Itihaas

Dunia pe

Ek chij jon jon ii anumaan lagae me ki dunia me kab pahile paani aais, ke hard kare hae ki paani ke sab time space se khiy dewa jaawe hae. Atmosphere me H₂O molecule photosynthesis se tuute hae aur jon hydrogen atom bane hae kabhi-kabhi dunia ke gravitational pull se baaha rchal de hae. Jab dunia chhotaa rahaa aur kamtii garrhu rahaa tab paani ke space me aur sahaj se khoe dewa jaawat rahaa. ^[9] Halluk element jaise hydrogen aur helium ke expect karaa jaawe hae ki ii atmosphere se sab time leak karii, lekin aur garrhu noble gases jon atmosphere me hae ii suggest kare hae ki aur garrhu pahile ke elements in atmosphere me se space me herae jaaweat rahaa.^[10] Xenon khaas kar ke paani ke space me khoe ke calculation me important hae. Ii khaali ek nai hae noble gas (aur atmosphere se chemical reactions se nai nikaala jaawe hae ), lekin iske nau stable isotope ketna maatra me hae ke compare kar ke ii paawa jaawe hae ki dunia kamti-sekamti ek ocean bhar ke paani ke aapan puraana itihaas me khois hae. Ii jaada likely hae ki Hadean aur Archean eons ke biich me, koi cataclysmic events jaise chandarma ke bane ke impact, ketime bhais rahaa.^[11]

Dunia me koi bhi paani accretion ke duusra bhaag me Moon-forming impact (~4.5 billion years ago), jon likely Earth ke crust aur upper mantle ke vaporise kar dewa gaus rahaa hoi.^[12]^[13] Ii patthar ke vapor dui hazaar saal me paani ban gae rahaa hoi, aapan pichhe garam volatileschhorr ke jiske kaaran jaada carbon dioxide waala atmosphere jisme hydrogen aur bhaap rahaa, banaa rahaa.. Baad me , liquid paani waala sagar rahaa hoi surface temperature of 230 °C (446 °F) rahe par bhi jaada atmospheric pressure CO₂ atmosphere ke kaaran.^[14] Jaise jaise dunia thandaa bhais jaada CO₂ atmosphere se subduction ke kaaran hatae dewa gais rahaa aur ocean ke paani me dissolve hoe e kaaran, lekin ii level uppar niche jaate rahaajaise nawaa new surface aur mantle suruu bhais.^[15]

References

↑ "Water Q&A: Why is water the "universal solvent"?". Water Science School. United States Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 20 June 2019. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
↑ "10.2: Hybrid Orbitals in Water". Chemistry LibreTexts (in English). 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
↑ Butler, John. "The Earth – Introduction – Weathering". University of Houston. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. Note that the Earth environment is close to the triple point and that water, steam and ice can all exist at the surface.
↑ "How Much Water is There on Earth?". Water Science School. United States Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
↑ Gleick, P.H., ed. (1993). Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources. Oxford University Press. p. 13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth". http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288.
↑ Water Vapor in the Climate System Archived 20 Maach 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). Vital Water Archived 20 Farwari 2008 at the Wayback Machine UNEP.
↑ Baroni, L.; Cenci, L.; Tettamanti, M.; Berati, M. (2007). "Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61 (2): 279–286. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522. ISSN 0954-3007. PMID 17035955.
↑ Troell, Max; Naylor, Rosamond L.; Metian, Marc; Beveridge, Malcolm; Tyedmers, Peter H.; Folke, Carl; Arrow, Kenneth J.; Barrett, Scott et al. (16 September 2014). "Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system?" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (37): 13257–13263. doi:10.1073/pnas.1404067111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4169979. PMID 25136111.
↑ Luger, R.; Barnes, R. (February 2015). "Extreme Water Loss and Abiotic O2 Buildup on Planets Throughout the Habitable Zones of M Dwarfs". Astrobiology 15 (2): 119–143. doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1231. ISSN 1531-1074. PMC 4323125. PMID 25629240.
↑ Pepin, Robert O. (July 1991). "On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles". Icarus 92 (1): 2–79. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90036-s. ISSN 0019-1035.
↑ Zahnle, Kevin J.; Gacesa, Marko; Catling, David C. (January 2019). "Strange messenger: A new history of hydrogen on Earth, as told by Xenon". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 244: 56–85. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.09.017. ISSN 0016-7037.
↑ Canup, Robin M.; Asphaug, Erik (August 2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". Nature 412 (6848): 708–712. doi:10.1038/35089010. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11507633.
↑ Cuk, M.; Stewart, S. T. (2012-10-17). "Making the Moon from a Fast-Spinning Earth: A Giant Impact Followed by Resonant Despinning". Science 338 (6110): 1047–1052. doi:10.1126/science.1225542. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23076099.
↑ Ding, Chao; He, Yaping; Yin, Jiusheng; Yao, Wei; Zhou, Dechuang; Wang, Jian (2015-02-18). "Study on the Pressure Dependence of Boiling Point, Flashpoint, and Lower Flammability Limit at Low Ambient Pressure". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 54 (6): 1899–1907. doi:10.1021/ie503383a. ISSN 0888-5885. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie503383a.
↑ Sleep, N. H.; Zahnle, K.; Neuhoff, P. S. (2001). "Initiation of clement surface conditions on the earliest Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (7): 3666–3672. doi:10.1073/pnas.071045698. PMC 31109. PMID 11259665.

[1] "Water Q&A: Why is water the "universal solvent"?". Water Science School. United States Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 20 June 2019. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.

[2] "10.2: Hybrid Orbitals in Water". Chemistry LibreTexts (in English). 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2021.

[3] Butler, John. "The Earth – Introduction – Weathering". University of Houston. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. Note that the Earth environment is close to the triple point and that water, steam and ice can all exist at the surface.

[WSS-4] "How Much Water is There on Earth?". Water Science School. United States Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

[b1-5] Gleick, P.H., ed. (1993). Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources. Oxford University Press. p. 13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth". http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288.

[6] Water Vapor in the Climate System Archived 20 Maach 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). Vital Water Archived 20 Farwari 2008 at the Wayback Machine UNEP.

[Baroni2007-7] Baroni, L.; Cenci, L.; Tettamanti, M.; Berati, M. (2007). "Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61 (2): 279–286. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522. ISSN 0954-3007. PMID 17035955.

[8] Troell, Max; Naylor, Rosamond L.; Metian, Marc; Beveridge, Malcolm; Tyedmers, Peter H.; Folke, Carl; Arrow, Kenneth J.; Barrett, Scott et al. (16 September 2014). "Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system?" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (37): 13257–13263. doi:10.1073/pnas.1404067111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4169979. PMID 25136111.

[9] Luger, R.; Barnes, R. (February 2015). "Extreme Water Loss and Abiotic O2 Buildup on Planets Throughout the Habitable Zones of M Dwarfs". Astrobiology 15 (2): 119–143. doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1231. ISSN 1531-1074. PMC 4323125. PMID 25629240.

[:0-10] Pepin, Robert O. (July 1991). "On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles". Icarus 92 (1): 2–79. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90036-s. ISSN 0019-1035.

[11] Zahnle, Kevin J.; Gacesa, Marko; Catling, David C. (January 2019). "Strange messenger: A new history of hydrogen on Earth, as told by Xenon". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 244: 56–85. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.09.017. ISSN 0016-7037.

[12] Canup, Robin M.; Asphaug, Erik (August 2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". Nature 412 (6848): 708–712. doi:10.1038/35089010. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11507633.

[13] Cuk, M.; Stewart, S. T. (2012-10-17). "Making the Moon from a Fast-Spinning Earth: A Giant Impact Followed by Resonant Despinning". Science 338 (6110): 1047–1052. doi:10.1126/science.1225542. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23076099.

[14] Ding, Chao; He, Yaping; Yin, Jiusheng; Yao, Wei; Zhou, Dechuang; Wang, Jian (2015-02-18). "Study on the Pressure Dependence of Boiling Point, Flashpoint, and Lower Flammability Limit at Low Ambient Pressure". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 54 (6): 1899–1907. doi:10.1021/ie503383a. ISSN 0888-5885. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie503383a.

[15] Sleep, N. H.; Zahnle, K.; Neuhoff, P. S. (2001). "Initiation of clement surface conditions on the earliest Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (7): 3666–3672. doi:10.1073/pnas.071045698. PMC 31109. PMID 11259665.

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