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Wikipedia:IPA for Hindi and Urdu

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Hindi-Urdu phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindustani.

Consonants
IPAHindiUrduEnglish equivalent
b बبabash
bʱ भبھabhor
d̪ [1] दدado (closer to French d)
d̪ʱ [1] धدھadhere
ɖ [1] डڈguard
ɖʱ [1] ढڈھguardhouse
dʒ जجhedge
dʒʱ झجھhedgehog
f फ़فfood
ɡ गگagate
ɡʱ घگھpigheaded
h ःحhead (final only)
ɦ हahead
j यيyak
k कکscan
kʰ खکھcan
l लلleaf
m मمmuch
n नنnot
ɳ णڻburner
(Sanskrit; often [n])
ŋ ं-bank
p पپspan
pʰ फپھpan
(often allophonic with [f] in Hindi)
q क़قa k in the throat
(Urdu; often [k] in Hindi)
r रرtrilled r
ɽ ड़ڑUS: larder
ɽʱ ढ़ڑھas [ɽ] plus h
s सسsue
ʂ ष–worship
(Sanskrit; often [ʃ])
ʃ शشshoe
t̪ [1] तتstable (closer to French t)
t̪ʰ [1] थتھtable
ʈ [1] टٹart
ʈʰ [1] ठٹھart-historian
tʃ चچcatch
tʃʰ छچھchoose
ʋ[2] वوvaries between w and v
x ख़خBach
(Urdu; often [kʰ] in Hindi)
ɣ ग़غlike a French r
(Urdu; often [ɡ] in Hindi)
z ज़زzen
ʒ झ़ژpleasure
Vowels
IPAHindiUrduEnglish equivalent
aː आ, पाآ, باSpanish or French a to English bra
eː ए, पेےbetween yell and Yale
ɛː ऐ, पैyell
ə अ, पبَnut
iː [3] ई, पीیfeet
ɪ [3] इ, पिبِdill
oː ओ, पोوold
ɔː औ, पौlaw
uː [3] ऊ, पूloot
ʊ [3] उ, पुبُlook
 ̃ ँںnasal vowel
([ãː], [õː], etc.)


Suprasegmentals
IPA
ˈ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
ː doubled consonant

Notes

[source ke badlo]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 To an English ear, [t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ] all sound like /t/, and [d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. [t̪ d̪] are like Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰ d̪] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English /θ ð/ (the th sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰ ɖ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d; [ʈ] is how they hear English t after s.
  2. ↑ [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', fast), are pronounced with [v] and others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', food dish), are pronounced with [w].
  3. 1 2 3 4 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralized to [i, u] at the end of a word.
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