Jump to content

Hinduism

Links ke badlo
Wikipedia se
Dua na Hindu ni valetabu e Singapore.

Hinduism (सनातन धर्म; Sanātana Dharma, jiske matlab Endless Religion hae) dunia ke sab se purana dharam hae. Hinduism (/ˈhɪnduˌɪzəm/)[1] ek chhaata sanghatan (umbrella term)[2][3] jiske kaam me laae ke dher Indian dharmik aur sampradaya [note 1] hae, jon sab concept of dharma sabd ek me biswas kare hae, ek cosmic order maintained by its followers through rituals and righteous living, jaise Vedas me likha hae. Hindu is an upnaam (exonym) hae,[note 2] aur jab Hinduism ke dunia ke sab se puraana dharam maana jaawe hae, iske aur modern naam Sanātana Dharma se bhi jaana jaawe hae. .[note 3] Vaidika Dharma aur Arya dharma, Hinduism ke itihaasik ekke naam hae.

Hinduism dher rakam ke bichar ke ke protsahan kare hae, dher rakam se Bhagwaan, dewtaa aur scripture ke baare me baat karaa jaawe hae.[4] Hindi dharmik pustak ke dui hissa me baata jaawe hae: Sruti - jiske suna jaawe hae aur smrti - jiske yaad karaa jaawe hae. Khaas Hindi dharmik pustak me hae Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Mahabharata (jisme Bhagavad Gita hae), Ramayana, aur Agamas.[5][6] Hindu biswas me hae karma (action, intent and consequences),[5][7] saṃsāra (maut aur fir se janam ke cycle) aur chaar Puruṣārtha, thiik manzil, jon hae: dharma (ethics/duties), artha (prosperity/work), kama (desires/passions) aur moksha (liberation/emancipation from passions and ultimately saṃsāra).[8][9][10] Hindu dharam me (bhakti), worship (puja), sacrificial rites (yajna), aur meditation (dhyana) aur yoga hae.[11] Hindu dharam me koi central authority nai hae aur jaada Hindi log koi denomination me nai hae.[12] Lekin Hinduism ke adhyan kare waala lig chaar khaas denominations ke identify kare hae: Shaivism, Shaktism, Smartism, aur Vaishnavism.[13][14] Chhe Āstika Hindu philosophy ke school jon Vedas ke authority ke recognise kare hae : Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mīmāṃsā, aurVedanta.[15][16]

Hinduism, dunia ke tiisra sab se barraa dharam hae, jisme lagbhag 1.20 billion log biswas kare hae, jon dunia ke abaadi ke lagbhag 15% hae. [web 1][web 2] Hindi lig jaada kar ke India,[17] Nepal, Mauritius, aur Bali, Indonesia me rahe hae.Template:Sfnm Dher Hindu samaj ke South Asia ke des, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, Middle East, North America, Europe, Oceania aur Africa me hae.[18][19][20]

Naam

[badlo | source ke badlo]

Hindū sabd ke gaer-Hindu log kaam me laawe hae,[21] aur ii Sanskrit sabd Sindhu se aais hae,[22] jon Indus Naddi ke naam hae aur ii naam lower Indus basin (Sindh) ke bhi rahaa.[23][24][note 4] Proto-Iranian me awaaj *s > h hae gais rahaa 850 aur 600 BCE ke biich me.[26] "Hindu" sabd Avesta me heptahindu likha gais hae, jon Rigvedic sapta sindhu ke baraabar hae.[27] 6th-century BCE ke Darius I ke ek inscription Hindush (referring to Sindh) ke baare me charcha kare hae, ki ii uske ek praant hae.[28][29] Hindustan (jiske "hndstn" spell karaa jaawe hae) ke 3rd century CE ke Sasanian inscription me paawa gais hae .[27] Ii sab puraana record ke Hindu sabd ek jagha ke naam hae aur ii koi dharam ke naam nai rahaa.[30] Arbii bhasa waala putak me "Hind", Persian "Hindu" se aais hae, aur iske uu jagha ke bola jaawat rahaa jon jagha Indus ke uu paar rahaa[31] aur ii kaaran se ii jagha ke sab log ke "Hindus" bola jaawat rahaa, itihasik Romila Thapar ke anusaar.[32] 13th century talak, Hindustan India ke naam ban gais rahaa.[33]

Sab se puraana likha gais chij jisme 'Hindu' ke dharam khaatir kaam me laawa gais rahaa, 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by Xuanzang rahaa.[28] 14th century me, 'Hindu' sabd ke dher Persian, Sanskrit aur Prakrit lekh me India me kaam me laawa gais rahaa, aur baad me India ke kuchh matr bhasa me, jaada kar ke log ke Muslims nai to "Turks" se differentiate kare ke khaatir. Iske kuchh namuuna hae 14th-century Persian pustak Futuhu's-salatin jiske 'Abd al-Malik Isami likhis rahaa,[note 2] Jain putak jaise Vividha Tirtha Kalpa aur Vidyatilaka,[34] lagbhag 1400 Apabhramsa pustak Kīrttilatā by Vidyapati me,[35] 16–18th century Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava pustak,[36] etc. India me ii rakam ke "Hindu" sabd ke istemaal Persian se aais hae, aur ii sab time dharam ke baare me nai rahaa.[37] Indian putak me, Hindu dharma ("Hindu religion") ke aaj-kal Hinduism ke refer karaa jaawe hae.[36][38]

Hindu dharm ke paanch pramukh devata

[badlo | source ke badlo]

Hindu dharam me paanch khaas devata kee pooja hae. Ii ek ishwar ke vibhinn roop aur shaktiyaan hae.

Ganesh aur Laxmi Ji

References

[badlo | source ke badlo]

Duusra websites

[badlo | source ke badlo]
  1. ↑ Template:Cite Merriam-Webster
  2. ↑ Lochtefeld 2002a.
  3. ↑ Flood 2022, p. 339.
  4. ↑ Michaels 2004.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Klostermaier 2007, pp. 46–52, 76–77.
  6. ↑ Zaehner 1992, pp. 1–7.
  7. ↑ Brodd 2003.
  8. ↑ Bilimoria, Prabhu & Sharma 2007.
  9. ↑ Koller 1968.
  10. ↑ Flood 1996, p. 7.
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ellinger70
  12. ↑ Werner 2005, pp. 13, 45.
  13. ↑ Flood 1996, pp. 113, 134, 155–161, 167–168.
  14. ↑ Lipner 2009, pp. 377, 398.
  15. ↑ Holberg 2000, p. 316.
  16. ↑ Nicholson 2013, p. 2–5.
  17. ↑ Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 3.
  18. ↑ Vertovec, Steven (2013). The Hindu Diaspora: Comparative Patterns. Routledge. pp. 1–4, 7–8, 63–64, 87–88, 141–143. ISBN 978-1-136-36705-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=FRVTAQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  19. ↑ "Hindus". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  20. ↑ "Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers (2010)". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  21. ↑ (Siemens & Roodt 2009, p. 546); (Leaf 2014, p. 36)
  22. ↑ (Flood 1996, p. 6); (Parpola 2015, "Chapter 1")
  23. ↑ (Singh 2008, p. 433); (Flood 1996, p. 6)
  24. ↑ Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975), Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia, Peeters Publishers, p. 145, ISBN 978-90-6186-037-2, archived from the original on 23 November 2022, retrieved 25 December 2024, Sindhu means a stream, a river, and in particular the Indus river, but likewise it denotes the territory of the lower Indus valley, or modern Sind... It denotes a geographical unit to which different tribes may belong.
  25. ↑ Flood 2003, p. 3.
  26. ↑ (Parpola 2015, "Chapter 9"): "In Iranian languages, Proto-Iranian *s became h before a following vowel at a relatively late period, perhaps around 850–600 BCE."
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300. University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8. https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Sharma 2002.
  29. ↑ Flood 1996, p. 6: "The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu).".
  30. ↑ Flood 1996, p. 6.
  31. ↑ (Thapar 2004, p. 38): "...in Arab sources, al-Hind (the land beyond the Indus)."
  32. ↑ (Thapar 1989, p. 222): "Al-Hind was therefore a geographical identity and the Hindus were all the people who lived on this land." (Thapar 1993, p. 77)
  33. ↑ Thompson Platts 1884.
  34. ↑ Truschke 2023, pp. 251–252.
  35. ↑ Truschke 2023, pp. 253–254.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 O'Conell, Joseph T. (1973). "The Word 'Hindu' in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Texts". Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 (3): 340–344. doi:10.2307/599467. ISSN 0003-0279.
  37. ↑ (Truschke 2023, p. 252): "Christine Chojnacki has argued that hinduka and related terms mark a combination of religious, linguistic, and cultural affinities in early Jain sources." (Truschke 2023, p. 253): "Writing for the Bahmani court in the Deccan in 1350, Isami paired hindū and musalmān, elsewhere using hindī to mean Indian." (Truschke 2023, p. 254): "[Vidyapati] equates Hindu and Muslim religious and cultural practices, positing comparable differences between their respective dhamme (Sanskrit dharma)." (Truschke 2023, p. 260): "Most passages identified a mix of religious and cultural norms. For instance, the texts refer to the “Hindu god” (hindura īśvara) and “Hindu treatise” (hindu-śāstre), on the one hand, and to “hindu clothes” (hindu-beśa), on the other."
  38. ↑ Truschke 2023, pp. 254.


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "note", but no corresponding <references group="note"/> tag was found
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "web", but no corresponding <references group="web"/> tag was found

"https://hif.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinduism&oldid=327998" se lawa gais hae