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Singapore

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Republic of Singapore.

Republik Singapura
新加坡共和国
சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு

Flag Coat of arms
JhandaCoat of arms
Des ke jaankari
Des ke motto: Majulah Singapura
(English: "Onward, Singapore")
National anthem: Majulah Singapura
Log ke baare me
Official bhasa: Malay, English, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil
Abaadi:
  - Total: {{{populationtotal}}}
Jagha
country map
country map
Hian pe des ke dunia ke map me dekhawa jaawe hae.
Capital City: Singapore
Sab se barraa City: Singapore
Area
  - Total: 704.0 (ranked 188)
  - Water:n/a km² (1.444%)
Politics / Government
Established: 31 August 1963
Leader: President: Sellapan Ramanathan
Prime Minister: Lee Hsien Loong
Economy / Money
Paisa ke naam: Singapore Dollar (SGD)
International information
Time ke zone: +8
Telephone ke dialing code: 65
Internet domain: .sg

Republic of Singapore nai to Singapore, Asia continent ke Malay peninsula ke ek des hae. Singapore equator ke north me hae. Iske parrosi des Malaysia aur Indonesia hae. 4.48 million log Singapore me rahe hae jisme se 76% Chinese hae. Sanskrit me, "Singapore" ke matlab "Lion city" hae. Iske national bhasa Malay hae lekin aur official bhasa hae English, Mandarin aur Tamil.

Etymology

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English bhasa waala naam, Singapore, Malay sabd Singapura, "Lion-city" se aais hae, lekin ii hoe sake hae ki ii naam ke suruwaat isse bahut pahile ke hae.[1] Pura, Tamil Puram (புரம்) se aais hae jiske matlab city nai to metropolis hae.[2]

Singa-, Tamil Singam (சிங்கம்)se aae hae , jiske matlab ser hae.[3] Aajkal ii city-state ke Lion City ke naam se jaana jaawe hae. Ii baat sach hae ki Singapore me kabhi ser nai rahin. Asiatic lion bhi kabhi hian pe nai rahin jiske Sang Nila Utama batais ki uu huan pe dekhis rahaa. Ii hoe sake hae ki uu hian pe tiger ke dekhis rahaa. [4][5]

"Singapore" naam duuno city aur des ke dewa jaawe hae, jon ki ekke chij hae.

Itihaas

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Puraana Singapore

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1299 me Sang Nila Utama, Kingdom of Singapore ke suruu karis rahaa.[6] 14th century me Singapore, jiske uu time temasek ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, ek trading post rahaa, jisme duuno Majapahit aur Ayutthaya Empire ke influence ke niche, aur Indosphere ke hissa rahaa.[7][8][9][10][11] Ii kingdom, jisme India ke influence rahaa, resilience, political intergrity aur administratibe stability ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa.[12] 14th century ke khalaas hoe talak, hian ke ruler, Parameswara, ke ii ilaaka ke duusra raja attack karis aur Parameswara, Singapore chhorr ke Malacca me jaae ke bas gais. Singapore ke khaas settlement, Fort Canning Hill ke band kar dewa gais, lekin hian pe chhota taur pe trading chalte rahaa. 1613 me Portuguese log ii settlement ke aagi lagae ke barbaad kar diin aur aglaa 200 saal talak iske baare me kuchh nai maluum hae.[13] Ii time Singapore Johor Sultanate ke niche rahaa.[14] 1641 ke baad, Singapore ke aas-paas ke ilaaka ke trade Dutch ke niche rahaa.[15]

Britain ke niche

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Jon chitthi William Farquhar, Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam ke lage, 28 November 1819 me likhis rahaa. Pahila line me, Farquhar ii batae hae ki Sultan Hussein Shah aur Temenggong Abdul Rahman, British East India Company ke, 6 February 1819 me, Singapore me ek factory banae ke ijaajat diis rahaa.[16][17]

Britain ke governor, Singapore me 28 January 1819 me aais aur ii island ke ek nawaa port banae ke khaatir achchhaa jagha paais.[18] Ii island pe Tengku Abdul Rahman, Sultan of Johor, raaj karat rahaa, jiske Dutch control karat rahin.[19] Hian ke sultan bahut kamjor rahaa kaaheki uske darbar ke kuchh khaas log sultan ke bhaiyaa ke loyal rahin. British log sultan ke bhiyaa ke raj gaddi pe baithaae diin jiske badle me British pe huan pe ek trading post ke banae ke ijaajat milaa. [20] Treaty of Singapore ke 6 February 1819 me sign karaa gais rahaa.[21][22]

1825 survey map. Singapore's free port trade was at Singapore River for 150 years. Fort Canning hill (centre) was home to its ancient and early colonial rulers.

1824 me, Sultan ke saathe ek aur treaty ke baad, puura island, British Empire ke niche hoe gais.[23] 1826 me, Singapore, Straits Settlements ke ek hissa banaa, jon British India ke niche rahaa. 1836 me Singapore regional capital banaa rahaa.[24] Raffles ke aae se pahile, ii island me khaali lagbhag ek hajaar log rahat rahin, jaada kar ke indigenous Malays aur kuchh f Chinese.[25] 1860 talak hian ke abaadi 80,000 hoe gais rahaa, jisme se aadha se jaada Chinese rahin.[23] Pahile ke immigrants pepper aur gambier plantations me kaam kare ke khaatir aae rahin.[26] 1867 me, Straits Settlements ke British India se alag kar ke , sidhe Britain ke niche kar dewa gais rahaa.[27] Baad me, 1890s me, Malaya aur Singapore me rubber industry suruu bhais rahaa ,[28] aur ii island dunia ke rubber sorting aur export ke centre hoe gais rahaa.[23]

Panorama of Singapore at sunrise, 1865, lithograph by Vincent Brooks.

First World War (1914–18) ke koi khaas asar Singapore pe nai rahaa, lekin 1915 me British garrison ke Muslim siphaahi log mutiny kar diin rahaa[29], jab uu logan sochin ki uu logan ke Ottoman Empire ke virod me larre ke bhejaa jaai, jon ek Muslim state rahaa. Ii sipaahi log aapan officer log ke maar diin lekin baad me non-Muslim sipaahi se mutin ke khalaas karaa gais rahaa.[30]

World War I ke baad British hian pe ek barraa naval base kae banae rahin.[31] Iske 1938 me banae ke khalaas karaa gais rahaa aur isme dunia ke sab se barraa dry dock, tiisra sab se barraa floating dock aur etna fuel ke store karaa gais rahaa ki ii puuraa British Navy ke 6 mahina talak supple kare sakat rahaa.[32][33] Ii base ke 15-inch (380 mm) naval guns se defended rahaa, lekin hian pe station kare ke khaatir Britain ke lage paisa nai rahaa. World War II me Japan iske occupy kar liis rahaa.[34][35]

Japan ke niche

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British ke 1945 me nikaala jaae hae, Japanese surrender ke baad. Kallang Airport ke control tower, jon city ke lage hae, ke bachae ke rakkhaa gais hae.

Pacific War ke time, Japan ke invasion of Malaya ke aakhri larrai rahaa Battle of Singapore. Jab huan ke 60,000 siphaahi ke British force 15 February 1942 me surrender bhais, tab British prime minister Winston Churchill iske "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history" batais.[36] British aur Empire ke casualities ii larrai me rahaa 85,000 lag captured.[37], lagbhag 5,000 ke maara nai to ghaayal karaa gais,[38] jisme se jaada Australians rahin.[39][40] Japanese casualties ii larrai me rahaa 1,714 maraa aur 3,378 ghaayal.[37] Ii occupation dher des ke itihaas me khaas chij rahaa, jisme Japan, Britain, aur Singapore hae. Japanese akhbaar iske larrai ke khaas point batae rahin.[41] 5,000 se 25,000 talak ethnic Chinese log ke Sook Ching massacre me maara gais rahaa.[42] British forces island ke 1945/1946 me liberate kare ke plan kare rahin, lekin larrai isse pahile khalaas hoe gais rahaa.[43]

Larrai ke baad

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Singapore Town ke 1951 ke chhaapa.

15 August 1945 me, Japanese surrender ke baad, Singapore me dher luut-maar bhais. British, Australian, aur Indian siphaai jiske Lord Louis Mountbatten leader rahaa, Japan ke surrender ke accept karis. Tomoyuki Yamashita ke ek US military commission war crimes ke khaatir convict kar, lekin Malaya aur Singapore me uske siphaai ke atyachaar khaatir nai. Uske 23 February 1946 me faansi pe charrhae dewa gais rahaa.[44]

Singapore ke dher infrastructure larrai me barbaad hoe gais rahaa. Khaana ke kamii ke kaaran malnutrition, bemaari, aur chri chandaali sab bagal rahaa. 1947 me ek harrtaal ke kaaran des me aur barbaadi bhais, Lekin 1947 talak island ke economy achchhaa hoe lagaa, jiske kaaran tin aur rubber ke dher demand rahaa.[45] British Military Administration 1 April 1946 me khalaas bhais, aur Singapore ek alag Crown Colony banaa.[45]July 1947 me, alag-alag Executive aur Legislative Councils ke banaawa gais rahaa aur agle saal Legislative Council ke chhe members ke election ke plan karaa gais rahaa.[46]

1950s me, Chinese communists, jiske trade unions aur Chinese schools me influence rahaa, ek guerrilla war sarkar ke virod me suruu karis, jisse Malayan Emergency suruu bhais. Singapore me 1954 National Service riots, Hock Lee bus riots, aur Chinese middle schools riots sab ii ghatna se linked rahaa[47] David Marshall, jon Labour Front ke netaa rahaa aur ajaadi maangat rahaa, Singapore kepahila general election ke 1955 me jiitis rahaa.[48] Uu ek delegation ke London lae gais, lekin Britain huske self-rule ke maang ke nai kar diis. Uu istefaa dae diis aur 1956 me Lim Yew Hock uske jagha liis, aur jir jaada negotiation ke baad Britain, 3 June 1959 me, Singapore ke internal self-government, defence aur foreign affairs ke chhorr ke aur sab maamle me diis rahaa. [49] 30 May 1959 election, ke People's Action Party (PAP) landslide se jiitis rahaa.[50] Governor Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode pahila Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State) rahaa.[51]

Malaysia me

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Singapore, uske port ke kaaran dhani bhais. 1960s me bumboat ke kaam me laae ke cargo ke shore ke lage kharraa jahaaj aur Singapore Naddi ke biich me lae jaawa jaawat rahaa.

PAP ke neta ii biswas karat rahin ki Singapore ke future Malaysia ke saathe hae, kaaheki duuno ke biich me gahiraa sambandh rahaa. Ii socha jaawat rahaa ki ek common market se Malaysia ke faeda hoi. Lekin PAP ke ek barraa faction Malaysia ke saathe rahe ke virod karat rahaa. Uu log ke party se nikal dewa gais aur ek duusra pary Barisan Sosialis ke banain.[52][53]

References

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  1. ↑ "Singapore". bartleby.com. Retrieved 14 April 2006.
  2. ↑ "Puram". dsal.uchicago.edu. Unknown parameter |accesdate= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)Template:Fix/category[dead link]
  3. ↑ "Singam". dsal.uchicago.edu. Unknown parameter |accesdate= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)Template:Fix/category[dead link]
  4. ↑ "Studying In Singapore". Search Singapore Pte Ltd. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2006.
  5. ↑ "Sang Nila Utama" (PDF). 24hr Art. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2006.
  6. ↑ Malay Annals. 1821. p. 43. https://books.google.com/books?id=J9JAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA43.
  7. ↑ Dixon, Robert M.W.; Alexandra, Y. (2004). Adjective Classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-19-920346-6. https://archive.org/details/adjectiveclasses00dixo_002.
  8. ↑ Matisoff, James (1990), "On Megalocomparison", Language, 66 (1): 106–120, doi:10.2307/415281, JSTOR 415281
  9. ↑ Enfield, N.J. (2005), "Areal Linguistics and Mainland Southeast Asia" (PDF), Annual Review of Anthropology, 34: 181–206, doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120406, hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-167B-C, archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2017, retrieved 5 August 2018
  10. ↑ Lavy, Paul A. (2003). "As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (Academia) 34 (1): 21–39. doi:10.1017/S002246340300002X. ISSN 0022-4634. https://www.academia.edu/2635407. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  11. ↑ "Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia" (PDF). University of Hawai'i-Manoa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  12. ↑ Pierre-Yves Manguin, "From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia", in 25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, Jakarta, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, 2002, p. 59–82.
  13. ↑ Borschberg, P. (2010). The Singapore and Melaka Straits. Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th century. Singapore: NUS Press. pp. 157–158. ISBN 978-9971-69-464-7.
  14. ↑ "Country Studies: Singapore: History". U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
  15. ↑ Leitch Lepoer, Barbara, ed. (1989). Singapore: A Country Study. Country Studies. GPO for tus/singapore/4.htm. http://countrystudies.us/singapore/. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  16. ↑ Nicholl, Robert; King, Victor T.; Horton, A. V. H. (1995). "Malay sources for the history of the Sultanate of Brunei in the early nineteenth century: some letters from the reign of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam (Annabel Teh Gallop)". From Buckfast to Borneo: Essays Presented to Father Robert Nicholl on the 85th Anniversary of His Birth, 27 March 1995. Hull, England: University of Hull. pp. 219. ISBN 978-0-85958-836-2. OCLC 35366675. https://www.academia.edu/11507827. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  17. ↑ "Ini kupia surat kepada Raja Barunai" (in ms). Farquhar Letterbook (Add MS 12398). 1842. pp. 39–40. http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_12398_f019r. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  18. ↑ Mun Cheong Yong; V. V. Bhanoji Rao (1995). Singapore-India Relations: A Primer. NUS Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-9971-69-195-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZo5Ui8oS4C&pg=PA3. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  19. ↑ Trocki, Carl A. (2009). Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-134-50243-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=vA-CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  20. ↑ "Singapore – Founding and Early Years". U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
  21. ↑ Ng, Jenny (7 February 1997). "1819 – The February Documents". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
  22. ↑ "Milestones in Singapore's Legal History". Supreme Court, Singapore. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
  23. 1 2 3 "Founding of Modern Singapore". Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  24. ↑ "East & South-East Asia Titles: Straits Settlements Annual Reports (Singapore, Penang, Malacca, Labuan) 1855–1941". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  25. ↑ "The Malays". National Heritage Board 2011. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  26. ↑ Sanderson, Reginald (1907). Wright, Arnold; Cartwright, H.A.. eds. Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources. pp. 220–221. https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023134368#page/n227/mode/2up.
  27. ↑ "Singapore attains crown colony status – Singapore History". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  28. ↑ "First Rubber Trees are Planted in Singapore – 1877". History SG. National Library Board Singapore. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  29. ↑ The Indian Army in the Two World Wars. Brill Publishers. 14 October 2011. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-90-04-21145-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=cON5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  30. ↑ "1915 Singapore Mutiny". National Library Board. National Library Board Singapore. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  31. ↑ Stille, Mark (2016). Malaya and Singapore 1941–42: The fall of Britain's empire in the East. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-4728-1124-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=gHe9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  32. ↑ Tan, Kevin (2008). Marshall of Singapore: A Biography. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 90–. ISBN 978-981-230-878-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC&pg=PA90.
  33. ↑ Hobbs, David (2017). The British Pacific Fleet: The Royal Navy's Most Powerful Strike Force. Naval Institute Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-61251-917-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=FVEgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  34. ↑ Lamb, Margaret; Tarling, Nicholas (2001). From Versailles to Pearl Harbor: The Origins of the Second World War in Europe and Asia. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4039-3772-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=4izcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39.
  35. ↑ Tan, Kevin (2008). Marshall of Singapore: A Biography. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-878-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC&pg=PA90.
  36. ↑ "On This Day – 15 February 1942: Singapore forced to surrender", BBC News, 15 February 1942.
  37. 1 2 Wigmore 1957, p. 382.
  38. ↑ "Battle of Singapore". World History Group. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  39. ↑ Ooi, Teresa. "1,000 Aussie victims of WWII join suit against Japan", 17 January 1995.
  40. ↑ "South West Pacific War: Australia's Fine Record", 12 September 1946.
  41. ↑ Zaccheus, Melody. "Japanese Occupation newspaper in library portal", 21 January 2017. Archived 19 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ↑ Leitch Lepoer, Barbara (1989). "Singapore, Shonan: Light of the South". Library of Congress Country Studies. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  43. ↑ "The real Japanese surrender", 4 September 2005.
  44. ↑ "Yamashita Hanged", Malaya Tribune, 23 February 1946.
  45. 1 2 "Singapore – Aftermath of War". U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  46. ↑ "Towards Self-government". Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, Singapore. Archived from the original on 13 July 2006. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
  47. ↑ "Communism". Thinkquest. Archived from the original on 9 April 2000. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  48. ↑ Low, James (2004). "Kept in Position: The Labour Front-Alliance Government of Chief Minister David Marshall in Singapore, April 1955 – June 1956". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 35 (1): 41–64. doi:10.1017/S0022463404000037. ISSN 0022-4634. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072556. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  49. ↑ "Country studies: Singapore: Road to Independence". U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  50. ↑ "Headliners; Retiring, Semi", 2 December 1990.
  51. ↑ "The Singapore Legal System". Singapore Academy of Law. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  52. ↑ Lee, T. H (1996). The Open United Front: The Communist Struggle in Singapore, 1954–1966. Singapore: South Seas Society.
  53. ↑ Bloodworth, D (1986). The Tiger and the Trojan Horse. Singapore: Times Books International. https://archive.org/details/tigertrojanhorse00bloo.

Duusra websites

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"https://hif.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singapore&oldid=327531" se lawa gais hae