Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Владимир Ильич Ленин | |
 | |
| In office 8 November 1917 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Alexander Kerensky (as President of the Provisional Government) |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov (Joseph Stalin as the party leader) |
| In office 17 November 1903 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | None |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Stalin (as General Secretary) |
| Janam | 22 April 1870 Simbirsk, Russian Empire |
| Maut | 21 January 1924 (aged 53) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Political party | Bolshevik Party |
| Spouse | Nadezhda Krupskaya |
| Profession | Politician, Revolutionary, Lawyer |
| Dharam | None (Atheist[1]) |
| Signature |  |
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Улья́нов, IPA: vla'dʲimʲr ilj'itʂ ul'janʌf), better known as Lenin (Ленин)) (22 April 1870 - 21 January 1924) ek Russian revolutionary aur Bolshevik party ke leader rahaa. Uu Soviet Union ke pahil aleader rahaa. Soviet Union, Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) ke dusra naam hae. Lenin ke Leninism suruu kare khatir bhi jaana jaawe hae, jiske baad me Josif Stalin Marxism-Leninism naam diis rahaa.
School me , Lenin Latin aur Greek bhasa me achchhaa parrhat rahaa. 1887 me uske Kazan State University se nikal dewa gais rahaa kahe ki uu bahut radical rahaa aur Tsar ke virod me protest karis rahaa. Wahii saal me Lenin ke bhaiya, Alexander Ulyanov, ke Alexander III kr hatya kare ke kosis me faansi pe charrhawa gais rahaa. Lenin apne se parrte rahaa aur 1891 me uske lawyer ke licence mila.
St. Petersburg me jab, Lenin wakiili ke parrhai karat rahaa tab uu Karl Marx aur Friedrich Engels ke bichar ke baare me jaanis. Kaahe ki Marxism ke Russia me allowed nai rahaa, Lenin ke arrest kar ke jahel me kar dewa gais rahaa aur iske baad Siberia bhej dewa gais rahaa.
July 1898 me, jab uu Siberia me rahaa, tav uu ek socialist aurat, Nadezhda Krupskaya se saadi karis. 1899 me uu el book likhis, The Developm me rahaaent of Capitalism in Russia. 1900, Lenin ke Siberia se chhorr dewa gais rahaa.
Iske baad Lenin Europe bhar me ghumis aur ek Marxist newspaper, Iskra ke chapis, Russian sabd jiske matlab English me "spark" hae. Uu Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) ke ek leader ban gais.
1903 me, Lenin aur RSDLP ke duusra leader, Julius Martov ke biich me matbhed hoe gais, ii khatir ki Party ke kon rakam se organise karaa jaawe. Ii matbhed ke kaaran Party, dui gut (faction) me bat gais. Lenin maangat rahaa ek strict, centralised, aur disciplined model. Martov maangat rahaa ek kamtii strict, aur kamti centralised model. Martov ke gut waale ke Menshevik bola jaawat rahaa (jiske matlab hae "uu jon ki kamti hae"). Lenin ke gut waala logan ke Bolshevik bola jaawat rahaa ( jiske matlab hae "uu jon ki jaada maange hae").
Lenin, 1907 me Finland gais kaahe ki Marxists log khatir Finland, Russia se jaada surakchhit rahaa. Uu Europae bhar me ghumis aur dher socialist meeting aur ghatna me hissa liis rahaa. Ii time me uu London, Paris me dher jagha me rahaa, aur World War I ke time Geneva me. Larrai ke suruu ke time Second International ke ek barraa meeting, jisme Bolsheviks bhi rahin, broke down, kahe ki dher member Parties aapan des ke larrai me madat kare maangat rahin, aur ii idea Marxist idea of internationalism ke nai rahaa. Lenin aur Bolsheviks (jiske communists ke naamse bhi jaana jaawat rahaa) me se khaali kuchh log larrai ke virod karin Marxist kaaran se.
1917
[badlo | source ke badlo]Jab February Revolution ke baad me Nicholas II Tsar nai rahaa, tab Lenin, Russia laut gais. Uu ek khaas Bolshevik leader banaa, aur public me April Theses ke announce karis jisme uu Kerensky ke sarkar ke nawaa middle class ke mistake khatir accuse karis aur majuur logan se sarkar ke palte ke khatir Workers' Revolution kare ke batais. Lenin uu mistake ke baare me bhi baat karis jiske Bolshevik Central Committee ke log kare rahin (jisme Zinoviev, Kamenev aur Stalin bhi rahaa) aur jon sarkar ke madat kare rahin Germany ke virod me larrai karte rahe ke, jon Leninists ke wishes ke virod me rahaa.
July 1917 me, jab log bolat rahin ki Lenin ke Germany ke lage se paisa mila rahaa ; iske kaaran uu dar gais rahaa aur Finland bhaag gais rahaa.
October 1917 me, Bolsheviks,Lenin aur Trotsky ke niche Petrograd Soviet aur duusra Soviets Russia bhar me chalaawat rahin, Kerensky's sarkar se taagat le ke baad, jiske October Revolution bola jaawat rahaa, ke baad dunia ke pahila Marxist Communist des, itihaas me banaa rahaa.
8 November, 1917 me, Lenin ke Russian Soviet Congress Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars chunis rahaa. Iske matlab hae ki uu ab Russia ke neta ban gais rahaa.
Kaaheki uu German invasion se shoked rahaa, uu Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ke sign karis rahaa. Russia isse dher jamiin ke lose karis rahaa, lekin Germany invasion ke rok diis rahaa, kaaheki uu western front me larrai haare lagaa rahaa.
Russian Civil War ke time, Lenin war communism ke suruu karis rahaa. Lekin larrai ke baad, Lenin New Economic Policy ke laais rahaa. Kuchh private enterprise ke allowed rahaa, lekin bahut nai. Businessmen, jiske nepmen bola jaawat rahaa ke allowed rahaa, jisme khaali light industry rahaa, heavy industry nai.
Fanny Kaplan (opposition party august 30 1918) ke Lenin ke daage ke baad, uske strokes aawe lagaa jisse uu kabhi nai recover karis rahaa. May 1922 talak, uu kharaab se paralysed hoe gais rahaa. March 1923 me ek stroke ke baad, baat aur uthe-baithe nai paawat rahaa. Lenin ke chauthaa stroke uske January 1924 me maar diis rahaa. Stroke se ekdam pahile uu Stalin ke hataawe maangat rahaa, kaaeki uu Stalin ke soviet republic ke khaatir dangerous maanat rahaa.
St. Petersburg city ke Tsar 1914 me Petrograd ke naam diis rahaa, lekin 1924 e iske naam badal ke , Lenin ke honour me, Leningrad kar dewa gais rahaa. Lekin soviet socialism ke khalaa hoe ke baa, 1991, iske naam badal ke St. Petersburg fir se kar dewa gais rahaa.
Mare se pahile, Lenin maangat rahaa ki uske aapan miyaa ke bagal me matti dewa jaae. Jab uu maraa, communists jiske dictator Stalin lead karat rahaa, Russia ke log ke uske body ke dekhe ke diis rahaa. Kaaheki log uske dekhe ke khaatir aate rahan , sarkar uske matti nai de ke decide karis rahaa. Red Square, Moscow me, Lenin ke body ke uppar ek imaarat banaawa gais rahaa, jisse ki log uske dekte rahe sake. Lenin ke mummify karaa gais rahaa. Ii jagha ke Lenin mausoleum bol ajaawe hae. (ek mausoleum uu imaaarat hae jisme maraa jan ke body ke rakkhaa jaawe hae)). Ii Moscow, Russia me hae, abhi talak hian pe jae ke uske dekhe hae. Bdekhe me achchhaa lage hae lekin ii kuchh kharaab hoe gais hae, dher saal ke preservation ke baad dher tissue wear bhais hae.
Russian orthodox church maange hae ki Lenin ke uske palwaar ke ssathe matti de de ke chaahi lekin sarkar iske baare me kuchh nai karis hae aur isse Russia ke sarkar ke dher aamdani hoe hae.
Bachpan ke din
[badlo | source ke badlo].jpg)
Lenin ke janam ke naam Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov rahaa aur uu Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, abhi ke Ulyanovsk me, 22 April 1870 me paida bhais rahaa, aur baptised chhe din ke baad;[2] Bachpan me uske Volodya bola jaawat rahaa, jon Vladimir ke ek common nuckname hae. Uu aath larrkan me se tiisra rahaa, jiske matlab hae ki uske dui aur barraa baiyaa. bahini rhaa. Uske sab se barra bahini Anna (janam 1864) aur bhaiyaa Alexander (janam 1866) rahaa. Iske baad tiin aur larrkan, Olga (janam 1871), Dmitry (janam 1874), aur Maria (janam 1878) rahin. Dui aur larrkan paida hote mat gay rahin. Uske pitaji, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, Russian Orthodox Church ke ek kattar sadasya rahaa aur aapan larrkan ke ii church me baptise karis rahaa, jabki uske maiyaa , Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), ek Lutheran rahii aur Christianity ke bahut follw nai karat rahii, jiske asar uske larrkan pe rahaa.
Ilya Ulyanov ke palwaar pahile serfs rahin; Ilya ke pitaji ke jaati ke baare me bahut nai jaana jaawe hae lekin ii socha jaawe hae ki uu Russian, Chuvash, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry ke rahaa.
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|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"|Preceded by
Aleksandr Kerensky
|width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|Prime Minister of Russia and the Soviet Union
1917–1924
|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"| Succeeded by
Alexey Rykov
|-
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Duusra panna
[badlo | source ke badlo]
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ Chivers, C.J. "Russia Weighs What to Do With Lenin's Body" New York Times (October 5, 2005)
- ↑ Sebestyen 2017, p. 33.