Simone de Beauvoir
| Western Philosophy 20th-century philosophy | |
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de Beauvoir ke chapa 1968 me | |
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Name |
Simone-Lucie-Ernestine-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir |
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Birth |
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Death |
14 April 1986 |
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School/tradition |
Existentialism |
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Main interests |
Politics, Feminism, Ethics |
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Notable ideas |
ethics of ambiguity, feminist ethics, existential feminism |
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Influences |
Descartes, Wollstonecraft, Kant, Hegel, Husserl, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Marx, Nietzsche, Sartre, Sade |
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Influenced |
Butler, Camus, Sartre, Paglia, Friedan, Hoagland, Rich, Greer |
Simone de Beauvoir (9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) ek French lekhak aur philosopher rahii.
Jiiwan kahaani
[badlo | source ke badlo]Bachpan ke din
[badlo | source ke badlo]Beauvoir ke janam 9 January 1908 me,[1] Paris ke ek bourgeois palwaar me 6th arrondissement me bhais rahaa.[2][3][4] Uske pitaji, Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, ek wakiil rahaa jon ek actor bane maangat rahaaa,[5] aur maiyaa Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), ek dhani banker ke larrki aur kattar Catholic rahii. Kaaheki uske maiyaa-bappa jaada time ghare nai rahat rahin, Simone ke khaas kar ke uske nanny, Louise paale rahii.[6] Louise ke relationship Françoise Beauvoir se achchhaaa nai rahaa. Simone ke ek bahini, Hélène rahii, jon 6 June 1910 ke paida bhae rahii. Beauvoir intellectually precocious rahii, aapan pitaji ke protsahan ke kaaran, aur uu ii boast karat rahaa ki:
“Simone ke ek admii ke dimaag hae; uu ek admii ke rakam soche hae; uu ek admii hae.”[7][8]
— Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), in Caroline Moorehead, A talk with Simone de Beauvoir, The New York Times
Uske bachpan ke din ke baare me likhte Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter me, uu bolis rahaa:
...hamaar pitaji ke individualism aur nastik ethical standards hamaar maiyaa ke rigidly moral conventionalism sikchhaa ke virod rahaa. Ii disequilibrium, jisse hamaar jindagi endless disputation hoe gais, khaas kaaran rahaa ki ham ek intellectual ban gayaa hae.[9]
— Simone de Beauvoir, Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, Book One, pg. 41
Education
[badlo | source ke badlo]Beauvoir, high school ke baad aapan post-secondary ke parrhai kare rahii Template:Interlanguage link multi me.[10] Baccalaureate exams ke mathematics aur philosophy ke 1925 me 17 saal ke umar me, uu Institut Catholique de Paris me mathematics aur literature/languages at the Template:Interlanguage link multi me parrhe rahii.
Jab ki uu sarkari taur pe bharti nai bhae rahii, Simone, École Normale Supérieure me class me baithis aapan agrégation in philosophy ke taiyaari ke khaatir, jon ek bahut competitive postgraduate examination rahaa jisse students ke nationally rank karaa jaawat rahaa. uu jab iske khaatir parrhat rahii tab uu École Normale ke students Jean-Paul Sartre, Paul Nizan, aur René Maheu (jon uske nickname "Castor", nai to "Beaver", diis rahaa) se mile rahii.[5]Uu Sorbonne me philosophy parrhe rahii, appan degree ke 1928 me khatam kare ke baad, uu likhe rahii Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées (jon M.A. thesis ke rakam hae) Leibniz for Léon Brunschvicg 1929 me (uske topic rahaa "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept in Leibniz"]).[11] 1929 me, the jury for the agrégation kuchh mark se Sartre ke first place aur Beauvoir ke second place diis rahaa. Uu 21 saal ke rahii, jiske matlab hae ki uu sab se chhotii jan rahii jon ii exam ke pass kare rahii.[12] Iske alaawaa, Beauvoir ek exam certificate of "General Philosophy and Logic" khaatir karis jisme uu second rahii Simone Weil ke baad. Kaaheki uu 8th jan rahii jon agrégation ke pass kare rahii, uske achchhaa kaam mile lagaa aur uu ajaad hoe gais.[13]
Dharmik paalan posan
[badlo | source ke badlo]Beauvoir ek Catholic aur uske parrhai convent schools me bhais rahaa. Uu ekdam dharmik rahii aur ek nun bane maangat rahii. 14 saal ke umar me, Beauvoir aapan dharam ke sawaal kare lagis aur aapan teens me dharam ke chorr diiye rahaa. uu aapan baaki jindagi bhar ek atheist rahii.[14][15] Iske samjhaae ke khaatir, Beauvoir bole rahii,
"Dharam ke kaaran log uu kathnai se duur bhaage hae jon asliyat me hae. Aur isse jaada, biswas kare waala log apne ke barraa samjhe hae ii cowardice act se."[16]
— Simone Bertrand de Beauvoir, All Said and Done
Biich waala saal
[badlo | source ke badlo]
Uske palwaar bourgeois rahe ke khaatir struggle karat rahaa kaaheki uulog aapan daulat ke World War I ke baad lutae de rahin aur and Françoise ke insistence ke uske larrki loagan ek prestigious convent school jaawe.[17] Palwaar me paisa ke kami ke kaaran, uu aapan dahej pe nai nirbhar rahe sakat rahii. Iske kaaran uske saadi hoe ke chance kamti hoe gais. Iske kaaran uu apne se kamai kare lagii.[18] Uu Maurice Merleau-Ponty aur Claude Lévi-Strauss ke saathe kaam karis, jab uu tiinao aapan practice teaching requirements ke ekke secondary school me kare rahin. 1929 se 1943 talak, Beauvoir lycée level ke parrhais, jabtak uu aapan likhai ke amdani pe nisrbahar rahe sakat rahii. Uu Template:Interlanguage link multi (Marseille), Template:Interlanguage link multi, aur Lycée Molière (Paris) (1936–39) me parrhae rahii.[19]
1945 me Robert Brasillach ke trial ke time, Beauvoirek chhotaa group of prominent intellectuals me se ek rahii jon jon uske maut ke maang kare rahii, uske 'intellectual crimes' of supporting Fascism aur genocide of Jewish log ke khaatir. Uu ii decision ke aapan 1946 ke essay "An Eye for an Eye" me defend kare rahii.[20][21]
- ↑ "UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020", United Press International, 9 January 2020. “...French novelist Simone de Beauvoir in 1908”
- ↑ Freely, Maureen. "Still the second sex", The Guardian, 6 June 1999.
- ↑ "Lisa Appignanesi's top 10 books by and about Simone de Beauvoir", The Guardian, 8 January 2008.
- ↑ Hollander, Anne (11 June 1990). "The Open Marriage of True Minds". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- 1 2 Mussett, Shannon. "Beauvoir, Simone de | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" (in English). Retrieved 11 April 2010.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named ":3". - ↑ Moorehead, Caroline (1974-06-02), A talk with Simone de Beauvoir, p. 258, archived from the original on 2025-10-03
- ↑ Bair, p. 60
- ↑ Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, Book One
- ↑ "Paris: sur les traces de Simone de Beauvoir" [Paris: On the trail of Simone de Beauvoir]. en-vols.com (in French). 22 November 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ↑ Margaret A. Simons (ed.), Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir, Penn State Press, 1 November 2010, p. 3.
- ↑ Menand, Louis (19 September 2005). "Stand by Your Man". The New Yorker (in English). ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0". - ↑ "Simone de Beauvoir". Biography (in English). 9 July 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
- ↑ Thurman, Judith. "Introduction to Simone de Beauvoir's 'The Second Sex'", The New York Times, 28 May 2010. (in en)
- ↑ Bertrand de Beauvoir, Simone (1974). All Said and Done. New York: G. P. Putnam's & Sons. pp. 478. ISBN 9780399112515.
- ↑ "Simone de Beauvoir: Equality in Unity". The 8 Percent (in English). 14 July 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
- ↑ "Beauvoir, Simone de". The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History. Oxford University Press. January 2008. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-90.
- ↑ Kelly Oliver (ed.), French Feminism Reader, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, p. 1; Bulletin 2006 de l'Association amicale des anciens et anciennes élèves du lycée Molière, 2006, p. 22.
- ↑ David Newcastle, The Rise and Fall of Pierre Drieu la Rochlle, Gilles, Tikhanov Library, 2024, preface
- ↑ “An Eye for an Eye”: The Question of Revenge Sonia Kirks