Sichaai

Sichaai me log paudha me paani chhorre hae, jab baaris ke kami rahe hae. Sichaai waala paani ke naddi, talaab aur canal se lewa jaae sake hae.

Dunia me ketna sichaai karaa jaae hae

Dunia ke puura sichaai waala jamiin ke area 1964 aur 2023 ke biich me dugna hoe gais rahaa aur 2023 me 23% kheti waala jamiin sichaai khaatir taiyaar rahaa. 2025 me, sichaai karaa gais khet me se dunia ke 48% crops upjaawa gais rahaa, jiske matlab hae ki sichaai waala khet, uu khet jon khaali baaris pe nirbhar rahe hae, se 3.2 dafe jaada upjao hae. Average me, sichaai waala jamin ke yield, khaali baaris pe nirbhar waala jamiin se 76% jaada hae.^[1]

Dunia ke area jon sichaai ke khaatir taiyaar hae, 2023 me 355 million ha rahaa, jon 2000 ke 289 million ha se 23% jaada rahaa aur 1960s se dugna rahaa. Isme se jaada jamiin Asia me hae (2023 me 71%), jahaan pe sichaai, green revolution ke khaas hissa hae; Americas ke 16% aur Europe ke 8% dunia ke hissa hae. India (76 million ha) aur China (75 million ha) me sab se jaada jamiin sichaai ke khaatir taiyaar hae, jon United States of America (25 million ha) se bahut jaada hae. China aur India me sichaai ke khaatir taiyaar jammin me sab se jaada barrhaawa bhais hae 2000 aur 2023 ke biich me(+21 million ha China ke khaatir aur +15 million ha India ke khaatir).^[2]

2000 me, puura upjao jamiin 2,788,000 km² (689 million acres) rahaa, aur ii dunia bhar me sichaai ke khaatir taiyaar rahaa. Ii area ke lagbhag 68% Asia me hae, 17% Americas me, 9% Europe me, 5% Africa me, aur 1% Oceania me. Sab se barraa jurraa areas jisme high irrigation density hae ke Northern aur Eastern India aur Pakistan Ganges aur a Indus naddi waala ilaaka me paawa jaawe hae; Hai He, Huang He, aur Yangtze basins China me; Nile river Egypt aur Sudan me; aur Mississippi-Missouri naddi ke basin, Southern Great Plains, aur California ke kuchh hissa United States me. Aur chhotaa sichaai waala jagha dunia bhar ke uu jgha me hae jahaan pe dher jan rahe hae.^[3]

2012 talak, jetna jamiin me sichaai karaa jaawat rahaa, barr ke lagbhag 3,242,917 km² (801 million acres) hoe gais rahaa, jon India ke baraabar hae.^[4] Kheti waala jamiin ke 20% , jisme sichaai hoe hae, dunia ke 40% khaana paida kare hae.^[5]^[6]

Dunia bhar ke overview

20th century me sichaai jor se barrha rahaa. 1800 me, dunia bhar me 8 million hectares sichaai ke niche rahaa; 1950 me, 94 million; aur 1990 me, 235 million. 1990 talak, dunia ke 30% khaana ke production sichaai waala jamiin se aais rahaa.^[7] Dunia bhar me irrigation techniques me hae canals , jon surface paani ke redirect kare hae,^[8]^[9] groundwater ke pump karnaa, aur dam karaa gais paani ke kaam me laana. Des ke sarkar aapan sima ke bhittar sichai ke lead kare hae, lekin private investors^[10] aur duusra des,^[9] khaas kar ke United States,^[11] China,^[12] aur European ke des, jaise United Kingdom,^[13] bhi fund aur organize kare hae schemes duusra des me.

2021 me, dunia ke jamiin ke area jon sachaai ke khaatir taiyaar rahaa352 million ha pahunch gais rahaa, jon 2000 ke 289 million ha se 22% jaada rahaa aur jetna jamiin 1960s me sichaai ke khaatir taiyaar rahaa se dugna rahaa. Isme se sab se jaada (70%) Asia me rahaa, jahaan pe sichaai green revolution ke khaas kaaran rahaa. Americas me 16%, aur Europe me dunia ke 8%. India (76 million ha) aur China (75 million ha) me sab se jaada sichaai waala jagha hae jon United States of America (27 million ha) se kaafi jaada hae. China aur India me sab se jaada increase bhais rahaa, uu jammin ke area jon sichai ke khaatir taiyaar hae, 2000 aur 2020 ke biich me (+21 million ha China me aur +15 million ha India me). Sabl regions me sichai waala jamiin jaada bhais rahaa, jisme Africasab se jor se barrha hae (+29%), jiske baad Asia (+25%), Oceania (+24%), the Americas (+19%), aur Europe (+2%).^[14]

Sichaai se jaada chij paida karaa jaae sake hae, khaas kar ke commodity crops uu ilaaka me jahaan pe bina sichaai ke kheti nai hoe sake hae. Des jon jaada paisa sichai me lagae hae gehuun, dhaan, aur cotton ke utpaadan ke barrhae ke khaatir, jisme antim kaaran hae atm-nirbhar.^[13]

Fasal ke value ke example

Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs^[15]
Fasal	Fasal ke ketna paani ke jaruri hae mm / total growing period
Ganna	1500–2500
Keraa	1200–2200
Nabbu	900–1200
Aalu	500–700
Tomatar	400–800
Gehun	450–650
Cabij	350–500
Piyaaj	350–550
Matar	350–500

Water sources

Jamiin ke bhittar ke aur uppar bahe waala paani

Traditional irrigation channel Switzerland me, jon high Alps se paani batore hae

Sichai waala paani groundwater (extracted from springs se aae sake hae, nai to wells) ke kaam me laae ke, jamiin ke uppar bahe waala paani (jiske naddi, talaab nai to reservoirs se nikaala jaawe hae) nai to non-conventional sources jaise treated wastewater, desalinated water, drainage water, nai to fog collection.

Jab floodwater harvesting se log sahmat rahe hae, rainwater harvesting ke ek rakam kesichai nai maana jaawe hae. Rainwater harvesting me chhat ke runoff paani ke batora jawe hae.

Treated, nai to bina treated waste paani

Duusra jagha ke paani

Sichaai waala paani kuch non-conventional sources se aae sake hae, jaise treated wastewater,^[16] desalinated water, drainage water, nai to fog collection.

Uu des jahan humid hawaa raat me aae hae, paani ke condensation thanda surfaces pe se, batora jaawe sake hae. Iske vineyards jon Lanzarote me hae, me practice karaa jaawe hae, jahaan pe patthar ke kaam me laae ke paani ke condense karaa jaawe hae. Fog collectors ke canvas nai to foil sheets se banaawa jaae sake hae. Air conditioning units ke paani ke source ke khaatir kaam me laana town me abhi popular hoe gais hae.

November 2019 se, ek Glasgow-based startup Scotland ke kisan ke madat karis hae, khaara paani se sichaai kare ke technique ke kaam me laae ke. Ek bigha jamiin jisme pahile kuchh nai howat rahaa me kheti karaa gais hae samphire, sea blite, aur sea aster boe ke; ii sab paudha se jaada profit hoe hae, aalu ke mukaable me. Ii jaminn ke din me dui dafe barr ke rakam sichai karaa jaae hae ; paani ke samundar se pump karaa jaawe hae wind power ke kaam me laae ke. Iske aur faeda hae soil remediation aur carbon sequestration.^[17]^[18]

References

↑ (in English) The State of the World's Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture 2025. FAO. 2025. doi:10.4060/cd7488en. ISBN 978-92-5-140285-6. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7488en.
↑ FAO (2025) (in English). World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2025. FAO. doi:10.4060/cd4313en. ISBN 978-92-5-140174-3. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd4313en.
↑ Template:Cite conference
↑ The World. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
↑ "On Water". European Investment Bank (in English). Retrieved 2020-12-07.
↑ "Water in Agriculture". World Bank (in English). Retrieved 2020-12-07.
↑ McNeill 2000 pp.180–181.
↑ McNeill 2000 pp.174.
1 2 Peterson 2016
↑ McNeill 2000 pp.153.
↑ Ekbladh 2002 pp.337.
↑ Bosshard 2009.
1 2 McNeill 2000 pp.169-170.
↑ (in en) World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. doi:10.4060/cc8166en. ISBN 978-92-5-138262-2. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
↑ Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept. "Crops Need Water". Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
↑ Moreira da Silva, Manuela; Resende, Flávia C.; Freitas, Bárbara; Aníbal, Jaime; Martins, António; Duarte, Amílcar (January 2022). "Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal—Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes". Sustainability 14 (17). doi:10.3390/su141710715.
↑ McDill, Stuart (November 27, 2019). "Startup helps Scottish farmers grow gourmet plants with sea water". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2 December 2019. Seawater Solutions is helping farmers on Scotland's west coast adapt to the reality of less rain by choosing salt-resistant plants and developing saltmarshes - land flooded by tidal waters - for them to grow in.
↑ O'Toole, Emer (29 July 2019). "Seawater Solutions is tacking agriculture's impact on climate change". The National. Newsquest Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 2 December 2019. A system of farming that creates wetland ecosystems on which food can be grown, while carbon is captured at a rate of up to 40 times higher than the same area of rainforest, and profits are more than eight times more profitable than the average potato field.

Ii article ek chhota panna hae. Aap iske lamba karke Wikipedia ke madat kare saktaa hae.

[1] (in English) The State of the World's Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture 2025. FAO. 2025. doi:10.4060/cd7488en. ISBN 978-92-5-140285-6. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7488en.

[2] FAO (2025) (in English). World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2025. FAO. doi:10.4060/cd4313en. ISBN 978-92-5-140174-3. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd4313en.

[3] Template:Cite conference

[4] The World. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

[5] "On Water". European Investment Bank (in English). Retrieved 2020-12-07.

[6] "Water in Agriculture". World Bank (in English). Retrieved 2020-12-07.

[ReferenceD-7] McNeill 2000 pp.180–181.

[ReferenceE-8] McNeill 2000 pp.174.

[Peterson_2016-9] 1 2 Peterson 2016

[ReferenceF-10] McNeill 2000 pp.153.

[ReferenceG-11] Ekbladh 2002 pp.337.

[ReferenceH-12] Bosshard 2009.

[ReferenceA-13] 1 2 McNeill 2000 pp.169-170.

[:14-14] (in en) World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. doi:10.4060/cc8166en. ISBN 978-92-5-138262-2. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en. Retrieved 2023-12-13.

[15] Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept. "Crops Need Water". Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.

[16] Moreira da Silva, Manuela; Resende, Flávia C.; Freitas, Bárbara; Aníbal, Jaime; Martins, António; Duarte, Amílcar (January 2022). "Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal—Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes". Sustainability 14 (17). doi:10.3390/su141710715.

[Reuters-saltwater-17] McDill, Stuart (November 27, 2019). "Startup helps Scottish farmers grow gourmet plants with sea water". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2 December 2019. Seawater Solutions is helping farmers on Scotland's west coast adapt to the reality of less rain by choosing salt-resistant plants and developing saltmarshes - land flooded by tidal waters - for them to grow in.

[thenational.scot-saltwater-18] O'Toole, Emer (29 July 2019). "Seawater Solutions is tacking agriculture's impact on climate change". The National. Newsquest Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 2 December 2019. A system of farming that creates wetland ecosystems on which food can be grown, while carbon is captured at a rate of up to 40 times higher than the same area of rainforest, and profits are more than eight times more profitable than the average potato field.

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