Bhautik rasayan

Bhautik rasayan (Physical chemistry) , Bhautik vigyan (Physics) ke kaam me laae ke chemical system ke study kare hae. Ii study ke macroscopic, atomic, subatomic aur particle level pe karaa jaae hae.

History

"Bhautik rasayan" term ke Mikhail Lomonosov 1752 me banais rahaa, jab uu ek lecture course "A Course in True Physical Chemistry" ke Petersburg University ke students ke present karis rahaa.^[1] Ii lecture ke suruu me uu ii definition de hae: "Bhautik rasayan (Physical chemistry) uu vigyan hae jiske samjhaae ke parrii, physical experiment kae ke, complex bodies me chemical operations se kon chij hoe hae, ke kaaran.

Aadhmik bhautik rasayan, 1860s se 1880s talak suruu bhais rahaa jab chemical thermodynamics, electrolytes in solutions, chemical kinetics duusra vishay pe kaam karaa gais rahaa. Ek milestone rahaa jab 1876 me Josiah Willard Gibbs aapan paper, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances ke chhaapis rahaa. Ii paper bhautik rasayan ke dher khaas chij ke introduce karis rahaa, jaise Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, aur Gibbs' phase rule.^[2]

Pahila vigyanik journal, jon bhautik rasayan ke uppar rahaa ek German journal, Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie rahaa, jiske 1887 me Wilhelm Ostwald aur Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff suruu kare rahin. Svante August Arrhenius ke saathe,^[3] ii log late 19th century aur early 20th century ke khaas log rahin, bhautik rasayan me. Ii tiino ke 1901 aur 1909 ke biich me Nobel Prize in Chemistry dewa gais rahaa.

Iske baad ke dassak (decades) ke pragati (progress) me rahaa chemical systems me statistical mechanics ke application aur colloids aur surface chemistry me kaam, jahaan Irving Langmuir dher yogdaan diis rahaa. Ek aur khaas kadam rahaa quantum mechanics ke quantum chemistry me develop hona, 1930s se, jahaan Linus Pauling ek san se aage ke naam rahaa. Theoretical pragati experimental methods ke saathe barrhaa hae, jahaan pe dher rakam ke spectroscopy, jaise infrared spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance aur nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 20th century ke sab se khaas pragrati rahaa.

Bhautik rasayan ke aur pragrati ke kaaran nuclear chemistry rahaa, khaas kar ke isotope separation me ( World War II ke time aur usse pahile), astrochemistry me abhi jaldi ke discovery,^[4]

Journals

Ii sab journal bhautik rasayan ke baare me hae:

Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (1887)
Journal of Physical Chemistry A (from 1896 as Journal of Physical Chemistry, renamed in 1997)
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (from 1999, formerly Faraday Transactions with a history dating back to 1905)
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics (1947)
Annual Review of Physical Chemistry (1950)
Molecular Physics (journal)|Molecular Physics (1957)
Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry (1988)
Journal of Physical Chemistry B (1997)
ChemPhysChem (2000)
Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2007)
Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters (from 2010, combined letters previously published in the separate journals)

References

↑ Vucinich, Alexander (1963). Science in Russian culture. Stanford University Press. p. 388. ISBN 0-8047-0738-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=YoE1wsA6USQC&pg=PA388.
↑ Josiah Willard Gibbs, 1876, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences
↑ Laidler, Keith (1993). The World of Physical Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 48. ISBN 0-19-855919-4. https://archive.org/details/worldofphysicalc0000laid.
↑ Herbst, Eric (May 12, 2005). "Chemistry of Star-Forming Regions". Journal of Physical Chemistry A 109 (18): 4017–4029. doi:10.1021/jp050461c. PMID 16833724.

[1] Vucinich, Alexander (1963). Science in Russian culture. Stanford University Press. p. 388. ISBN 0-8047-0738-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=YoE1wsA6USQC&pg=PA388.

[2] Josiah Willard Gibbs, 1876, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences

[3] Laidler, Keith (1993). The World of Physical Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 48. ISBN 0-19-855919-4. https://archive.org/details/worldofphysicalc0000laid.

[4] Herbst, Eric (May 12, 2005). "Chemistry of Star-Forming Regions". Journal of Physical Chemistry A 109 (18): 4017–4029. doi:10.1021/jp050461c. PMID 16833724.

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