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Philippines

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Republic of the Philippines

Repúbliká ng̃ Pilipinas

Jhanda
Jhanda
Jhanda
Des ke jaankari
Des ke motto: Maka-Diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa (English: God, People, Nature, and Country)
National anthem: "Lupang Hinirang" (Chosen Land)
Log ke baare me
Official bhasa: Filipino (Tagalog), English, Spanish
Abaadi:
  - Total: 87,857,473 (ranked 12)
  - Density: 276 per km²
Jagha
country map
country map
Hian pe des ke dunia ke map me dekhawa jaawe hae.
Capital City: Manila
Sab se barraa City: Quezon City
Area
  - Total: 300,000 (ranked 71)
  - Water: n/a km² (0.6%)
Politics / Government
Established: 12 June, 1898
Leader: President: Rodrigo Duterte
Vice President: Leni Robredo
Economy / Money
Paisa ke naam: Philippine peso (piso) (PHP)
International information
Time ke zone: +8
Telephone ke dialing code: +63
Internet domain: .ph

Philippines ek 7,000 se jaada island waala des hae. Ii Pacific Ocean me Asia se 100 kilometers southeast me hae. Spain (1521-1898) aur United States (1898-1946), ii des pe raaj karin rahaa. Philippines, South Korea, aur East Timor, East Asia ke uu des hae jahan pe jaada log Isai hae.

Philippine Islands ke east me Pacific Ocean, west me South China Sea, aur south me Celebes Sea hae .

Naam

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Spain ke explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, aapan 1542 ke expedition me, Leyte aur Samar ke naam "Felipinas" diis rahaa, Prince of Asturias, baad me Philip II of Castile ke baad. Dhire-dhire "Las Islas Filipinas" ke naam se ii archipelago ke Spanish possession ke bola jaae lagaa.[1] Duusra naam, jaise "Islas del Poniente" (Western Islands), "Islas del Oriente" (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan ke naam aur "San Lázaro" (Islands of St. Lazarus), ke kaam me laae ke Spanish log ii islands ke refer karat rahin, jabtak ii ilaaka me Spanish raj established nai rahaa.[2][3][4]

Philippine Revolution ke time, Malolos Congress República Filipina (the Philippine Republic) ke elaan karis.[5] America ke colonial authorities ii des ke Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name) bolat rahin.[6] United States, dhire-chire naam ke "the Philippine Islands" se badal ke "the Philippines" kar diin, Philippine Autonomy Act aur Jones Law se.[7] 1935 ke constitution me, sarkari naam "Republic of the Philippines" rakkhaa gais rahaa, jon aage ke ajaad des ke naam rahii,[8] aur baad ke sab constitutional ke badlao me ii naam rakkha gais hae.[9][10]

Itihaas

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Puraana itihaas (900 se pahile)

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A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat
The Manunggul burial jar, dher burial jar me se ek, jiske gifaa me paawa gais rahaa

Iske sabuut hae ki puraana jamaana ke hominins, jon jagha abi Philippines hae, me 709,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.[11] Callao Cave me paawa gais haddi, saait ek nawaa species, Homo luzonensis ke hae, jon 50,000 se 67,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.[12][13] Sab se puraana modern human ke remain ii islands ke Palawan ke Tabon Caves me paawa gais hae, jiske U/Th-dated hae 47,000 ± 11–10,000 saal pahile.[14] Tabon Man ke Negrito maana jaae hae, jon ii islands me rahe waala pahila log rahin, Africa se coastal route lae ke, along southern Asia se abhi duubaa waala Sundaland aur Sahul se ii islands me aae rahin.[15]

Philippines pahunche waala pahila Austronesians , Taiwan se, lagbhag 2200 BC me aae rahin, Batanes Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ijangs) me aae ke base rahin[16] aur northern Luzon me bhi. Jade artifacts ke 2000 BC ke date karaa gais hae,[17][18] jisme lingling-o Luzon ke jade ke banaa chij ke Taiwan ke raw material se banaawa gais rahaa.[19] 1000 BC talak, ii islands ke log chaar society me develop hoe gay rahin : hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, aur port principalities.[20]

Pahila states (900–1565)

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1590's ke early Spanish colonial jamaana ke ek native praani jon sona pahinin hae.

Philippines ke sab se pahila likha gias record, 900 AD ke Laguna Copperplate Inscription hae, jiske Old Malay bhasa me, Kawi script me likha gais hae.[21] 14th century talak, dher barraa-barraa coastal settlements trading centers ban ke societal changes ke kaaran ban gais.[22] Kuchh basti ke log, Asia ke duusra state se chij ke trade karat rahin. [23][24] Tang dynasty ke time, China se trade suruu bhais,[25][26] aur Song dynasty ke time aur barrha.[27][28][26] Second millennium AD bhar, kuch basti China ke niche rahin.[1][23] Jaada trade aur diplomacy ke kaaran, Southern Chinese merchants aur migrants Southern Fujian se,[29][30][31] aae ke ii islands me rahe lagin, aur ii log natives log ke saathe mix hoe lagin.. Indian ke sankriti, jaise ki bhasa aur dharam ke influence Philippines me 14th century me faela, Indianized Hindu Majapahit Empire se.[32][33] 15th century talak Islam Sulu Archipelago me aapan adda jamae ke huan se aur bagal faela.[22]

10th aur 16th centuries ke biich me bane waala basti me Maynila,[34] Tondo, Namayan, Pangasinan, Caboloan, Cebu, Butuan, Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu, aur Ma-i rahaa.[35] Suruu ke basti me tiin -tier ke social structure rahaa: nobility, freemen, aur dependent debtor-bondsmen.[23][36] Raj kare waala log me neta rahin jaise datus, jon groups (barangays or dulohan) pe raj karat rahin.[37] Jab barangays saathe hoe ke barraa basti banaawat rahin ,[23][38] tab uske neta ke "paramount datu" maana jaawat rahaa,[39][20] rajah or sultan,[40] aur janata pe raj karat rahaa .[41] 15th aur 16th century ii islands ke population density bahut kamti rahaa[39] jiske kaaran rahaa frequency of typhoons aur Philippines ke location, Pacific Ring of Fire me.[42] Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan 1521 me aais aur ii islands ke Spain ke khaatir claim karis, lekin uske Lapulapu's log Battle of Mactan me maar de rahin.[43][44]

Spain aur America ke colonial raj (1565–1934)

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See caption
Manila, 1847

Philippines ke unification aur colonization uu time suruu bhais jab Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi, New Spain se 1565 me aais.[45][46][47] Dher Filipinos ke New Spain me force kar ke boat me kaam kar ke laawa gais rahaa,[48] jab dher Latin Americans ke Philippines sipahi aur colonists ke ruup me laawa gais rahaa.[49] Philippines, Latin American ke asia me khaali ek district rahaa.[50][51] Spanish Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines aur Spanish East Indies ke capital 1571 me banaa,[52][53] [54] Spanish log local states ke divide and conquer principle kae kaam me laae ke, invade kare rahin ,[44] aur ii rakam se , jon abhi ke Philippines hae ke ek unified administration ke niche kar liin.[55][56] Alag-alag barangay ke jaan ke ek town me karaa gais rahaa , jahaan pe Catholic missionaries sahaj me log ke Isai dharam me convert kare sake,[57][58] [59] Christianization, Spanish friars se, jaada kar ke basaa gais lowlands me bhais. 1565 se 1821 talak, Philippines ke Mexico City ke ek territory ke ruup me govern karaa jaawat rahaa- jon New Spain ke vice royality rahaa; lekin Mexican War of Independence ke baad iske directly Madrid se administer karaa gais rahaa .[60]Manila trans-Pacific trade ke western hub ban gais rahaa[61] [62][63]

Duusra websites

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Official websites

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News websites

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Aurr

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  2. ↑ Malcolm, George A. (1916) (in en). The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals. Philippine Law Collection. Rochester, N.Y.: Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company. p. 3. OCLC 578245510. https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  3. ↑ Spate, Oskar H.K. (November 2004). "Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos". The Spanish Lake. The Pacific since Magellan. I. London, England: Taylor & Francis. p. 97. doi:10.22459/SL.11.2004. ISBN 978-0-7099-0049-8. http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  4. ↑ Tarling, Nicholas, ed. (1999) (in en). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. 2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-521-66370-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  5. ↑ "The 1899 Malolos Constitution". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines (in Spanish and English). Título I – De la República; Articulo 1. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  6. ↑ Constantino, Renato (1975). The Philippines: A Past Revisited. Quezon City, Philippines: Tala Pub. Services. ISBN 978-971-8958-00-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  7. ↑ "The Jones Law of 1916". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. August 29, 1916. Section 1.―The Philippines. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  8. ↑ "The 1935 Constitution". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Article XVII, Section 1. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  9. ↑ "1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. January 17, 1973. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  10. ↑ "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. February 11, 1987. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  11. ↑ Ingicco, T.; van den Bergh, G. D.; Jago-on, C.; Bahain, J.; Chacón, M. G.; Amano, N.; Forestier, H.; King, C. et al. (May 1, 2018). "Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago". Nature (University of Wollongong) 557 (7704): 233–237. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29720661. https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers.
  12. ↑ "New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines", National Geographic, April 10, 2019.
  13. ↑ "New human species found in Philippines", BBC News, April 10, 2019.
  14. ↑ Détroit, Florent; Dizon, Eusebio; Falguères, Christophe; Hameau, Sébastien; Ronquillo, Wilfredo; Sémah, François (2004). "Upper Pleistocene Homo sapiens from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries". Human Palaeontology and Prehistory (Elsevier) 3 (2004): 705–712. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004. http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf.
  15. ↑ Jett, Stephen C. (2017). Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas. Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press. pp. 168–171. ISBN 978-0-8173-1939-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  16. ↑ Brown, Jessica, ed. (2005) (in en). The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England: IUCN. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-2-8317-0797-6. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  17. ↑ Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-971-10-0227-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  18. ↑ Ness, Immanuel (2014). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-118-97059-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  19. ↑ Hung, Hsiao-Chun; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki; Bellwood, Peter; Nguyen, Kim Dung; Bellina, Bérénice; Silapanth, Praon; Dizon, Eusebio; Santiago, Rey et al. (December 11, 2007). "Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (National Academy of Sciences) 104 (50): 19745–19750. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707304104. PMC 2148369. PMID 18048347.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Legarda, Benito Jr. (2001). "Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines". Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines (Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan) 23: 40.
  21. ↑ Postma, Antoon (1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies (Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University) 40 (2): 182–203. ISSN 0031-7837. http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 de Graaf, Hermanus Johannes; Kennedy, Joseph; Scott, William Henry (1977) (in en). Geschichte: Lieferung 2. Leiden, Switzerland: Brill. p. 198. ISBN 978-90-04-04859-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Junker, Laura Lee (1999). Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2035-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  24. ↑ Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2002) (in en). Liberation Theology in the Philippines: Faith in a Revolution. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-275-97198-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  25. ↑ "The 9th to 10th century archaeological evidence of maritime relations between the Philippines and the islands of Southeast Asia". National Museum of the Philippines. n.d. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Fox, Robert B. (2015). "The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines". In Chu, Richard T.. More Tsinoy Than We Admit: Chinese-Filipino Interactions Over the Centuries. Quezon City: Vibal Foundation, Inc.. pp. 10–13. ISBN 9789719706823.
  27. ↑ Glover, Ian, ed. (2004). Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History. London, England: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-415-29777-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC.
  28. ↑ "Pre-colonial Manila". Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum And Library. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  29. ↑ San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613). de Silva, Juan (Don.). ed (in Tagalog & Early Modern Spanish). Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero. La Noble Villa de Pila. p. 545. https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ. "Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos"
  30. ↑ San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613). de Silva, Juan (Don.). ed (in Tagalog & Early Modern Spanish). Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero. La Noble Villa de Pila. p. 170. https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ.
  31. ↑ (in Early Modern Spanish & Early Manila Hokkien) Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript). Boxer Codex, once kept by Sir C. R. Boxer. Manila. 1590s. pp. 415 [PDF] / 204 [As Written]. https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
  32. ↑ Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). "Philippines". Concise Encyclopedia of World History. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 560. ISBN 978-81-269-0775-5. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  33. ↑ Evangelista, Alfredo E. (1965). "Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites". Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia (Asian Center, University of the Philippines) 3 (1): 87–88. https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  34. ↑ Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Chicago, Ill.: Taylor & Francis. pp. 565–569. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  35. ↑ Quezon, Manuel L. III, ed. (2016). Historical Atlas of the Republic. Manila, Philippines: Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. p. 64. ISBN 978-971-95551-6-2. https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up.
  36. ↑ Wernstedt, Frederick L.; Spencer, Joseph Earle (January 1967). The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03513-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  37. ↑ Arcilla, José S. (1998). An Introduction to Philippine History (Fourth enlarged ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-971-550-261-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C.
  38. ↑ Decasa, George C. (1999) (in en). The Qur'anic Concept of Umma and Its Function in Philippine Muslim Society. Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations. 1. Rome, Italy: Pontificia Università Gregoriana. p. 328. ISBN 978-88-7652-812-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Newson, Linda A. (April 16, 2009). Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6197-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  40. ↑ "Chapter 7". Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities. Sterling, Va.: Routledge. 2013. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-134-20050-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  41. ↑ Tan, Samuel K. (2008). A History of the Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-971-542-568-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C.
  42. ↑ Bankoff, Greg (January 1, 2007). "Storms of history: Water, hazard and society in the Philippines: 1565-1930". A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 240. Leiden, Netherlands: KITLV Press. pp. 153–184. ISBN 978-90-04-25401-5.
  43. ↑ Woods, Damon L. (2006) (in en). The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (Third ed.). Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7246-2. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  45. ↑ Wing, J.T. (2015). Roots of Empire: Forests and State Power in Early Modern Spain, c.1500–1750. Brill's Series in the History of the Environment. Brill. p. 109. ISBN 978-90-04-26137-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ. Retrieved February 3, 2024. "At the time of Miguel López de Legazpi's voyage in 1564-5, the Philippines were not a unified polity or nation."
  46. ↑ Carson, Arthur L. (1961). Higher Education in the Philippines. Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Office of Education, United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. p. 7. OCLC 755650. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  47. ↑ de Borja, Marciano R. (2005). Basques In The Philippines. The Basque Series. Reno, Nev.: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-590-5. https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  48. ↑ Seijas, Tatiana (2014). "The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market". Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians. Cambridge Latin American Studies. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-107-06312-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  49. ↑ "Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México" (Consejo de Indias España)(English Translation from Spanish original: "Royal Decree to the Count of Coruña, Viceroy of New Spain, informing him that, according to information from Captain Gabriel de Rivera who came from the Philippines, on a journey made by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo to the Cagayan River some Spaniards were lost, and that to make up for this lack and populate these islands it was necessary to take up to two hundred men to them. The viceroy is ordered to attend to this request and send them from New Spain, in addition to another two hundred that were entrusted to him from Lisbon."
  50. ↑ "West Coast of the Island Of Luzon [[:Template:Pipe]] Tourist Attractions". Archived from the original on December 6, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016. URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  51. ↑ Patricia Flannery, Kristie (April 3, 2023). "Colonial Latin Asia? The case for incorporating the Philippines and the Spanish Pacific into colonial Latin American studies". Colonial Latin American Review 32 (2): 235–242. doi:10.1080/10609164.2023.2205233.
  52. ↑ (in en) The Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years of Place Making and Pluralism. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press. April 21, 2020. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-8165-4084-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  53. ↑ Santiago, Fernando A. Jr. (2006). "Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898" (in fil). Malay (De La Salle University) 19 (2): 70–87. ISSN 2243-7851. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887. Retrieved July 18, 2008.
  54. ↑ Andrade, Tonio (2005). "Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan". How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12855-1. http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html.
  55. ↑ Giráldez, Arturo (March 19, 2015) (in en). The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4422-4352-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  56. ↑ Acabado, Stephen (March 1, 2017). "The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines". International Journal of Historical Archaeology (Springer New York) 21 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9. https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn.
  57. ↑ Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and Society in the Philippines. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  58. ↑ Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975). A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War. New York, N.Y.: Monthly Review Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-85345-394-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  59. ↑ Schumacher, John N. (1984). "Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism: Its Historical Causes". Philippine Studies (Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press) 32 (3): 254. ISSN 2244-1093. OCLC 6015358201. http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
  60. ↑ Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004). Philippine History (First ed.). Manila, Philippines: REX Book Store, Inc.. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  61. ↑ Kane, Herb Kawainui (1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye. Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine. I. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 25–32. ISBN 978-0-8248-1829-6.
  62. ↑ Bolunia, Mary Jane Louise A. "Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2014 Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Conference; Session 5: Early Modern Colonialism in the Asia-Pacific Region (Conference proceeding). Honolulu, Hawaii: Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Planning Committee. p. 1. OCLC 892536655. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015 – via The Museum of Underwater Archaeology.
  63. ↑ McCarthy, William J. (December 1, 1995). "The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines". International Journal of Maritime History (SAGE Publications) 7 (2): 149–162. doi:10.1177/084387149500700208.
"https://hif.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&oldid=323830" se lawa gais hae