Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

Mohandas K. Gandhi
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Janam	2 October 1869; Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, India
Maut	30 January 1948 (aged 78); New Delhi, Union of India
Cause of death	Banduuk se hatya
Resting place	Rajghat, New Delhi, India
Rashtriyata	Indian
Anya Naam	Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu
Alma mater	University College London,; University of London
Known for	Prominent figure of Indian independence; movement. Propounding the philosophy; of Satyagraha and Ahimsa; Advocating non-violence; Pacifism
Jivan Saathi	Kasturba Gandhi
Larrkan	Harilal; Manilal; Ramdas; Devdas; child who died in infancy
Abhivavak(s)	Putlibai Gandhi (Mother); Karamchand Gandhi (Father)

Mohandas K. Gandhi (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी; Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી:2 October 1869 - 30 January 1948), India ke ek leader rahaa jon ki bina khuun kharabi se India ke ajaadi khatir larris rahaa.

Jiwan

Gandhi ke janam India ke Gujarat state ma porbander ma ho a tha. Wo England jaae ke wakiili parrhis. Iske baad wo South Africa me wakiil banaa, jahaan pe uske apartheid ke samna kare ke parraa. Wo jaanat rahaa ki des ke kanuun bhed bhao kare hai. India laute pe uu huan pe ajaadi ke movement me join hoe gais. Uske sab dharam ke log ke support rahaa. Gandhi des ke vibhajan nai mangat rahaa. Unka bharat raaj me bohut naam rahis.

Uske January 30, 1948, ke ek nationalist activist, Nathuram Godse bandook daag ke maar diis, kahe ke uu sochat rahaa ki Gandhi Musulmaan logan ke bahut concession diis rahaa aur India kaa partition kae liye Gandhi jimedar hai.

Bachpan ke din aur palwaar

Mai/Baap

Gandhi ke pitaji, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), Porbandar state ke dewan (chief minister) rahaa.^[2]^[3] Uske palwaar Kutiana gaon, jon uu time ke Junagadh State me rahaa, ke rahin. Jab ki Karamchand, state administration me khaali ek clerk rahaa aur uske khaali elementary parrhai rahaa, uu ek achchhaa chief minister rahaa.

Karamchand chaar dafe saadi karis rahaa. Uske pahila dui aurat jawaani me mar gay rahin, aur ii sunno ek larrki ke janam de ke baad mare rahin. Uske tiisra saadi me koi larrkan nai rahaa. 1857 me Karamchand, aapan tiisra aurat ke ijaajat se Putlibai (1844–1891) se saadi karis rahaa, jon bhi Junagadh ke rahii, aur ek Pranami Vaishnava palwaar ke rahii.^[4]^[5] Karamchand aur Putlibai ke chaar larrkan rahin: ek larrkaa, Laxmidas (c. 1860–1914), ek larrki, Raliatbehn (1862–1960), ek duusra larrka, Karsandas (c. 1866–1913), aur tiisra larrka, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi,^[6] ke janam 2 October 1869 ime Porbandar (jiske Sudamapuri bhi bola jaawat rahaa), ek samundar ke kinaare ke town, Kathiawar Peninsula aur uu time princely state Porbandare Kathiawar Agency, British Raj ke chhotaa hissa rahaa, me bhais rahaa.

1874 me, Gandhi ke pitaji, Karamchand, Porbandar ke chhorr ke, ek aur chhotaa state Rajkot gais, jahaan pe uu uske ruler, Thakur Sahib ke counsellor banaa; jab ki Rajkot ek kamti prestigious state rahaa, Porbandar ke milaan me, British regional political agency huan pe rahaa, jisse ii state ke diwan ke kaam surakchit rahaa. 1876 me, Karamchand, Rajkot ke diwan banaa aur uske bhiyaa, Tulsidas, Porbandar ke diwan banaa rahaa. Karamchand ke palwaar iske baad Rajkot me uske saathe rahe lagin. Uulog aapan palwaar ke khar Kaba Gandhi No Delo me 1881 me rahe lagin.^[7]

Bachpan

Jab uu chhotaa rahaa, tab Gandhi ke uske bahini, Raliat describe karis hae as "budhgrah ke rakam bechaen, chaahe khelat rahaa, nai to ghumat-firat rahaa. . Uske favourite pastime, kutta ke kaan aithnaa rahaa." India ke puraana classics, jaise Shravana aur king Harishchandra ke kahaani, ke Gandhi ke uppar uske bachpan me dher asar rahaa. Aapn jiwan kahani me , Gandhi likhis hae ki ii sab kahaani ueke dimaag pe ek indelible impression chhorris rahaa. Gandhi likhis hae: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." Gandhi ke chhote me sachchaai se self-identification aur supreme values se pyaar ke ii kahaani pe trace karaa jaae sake hae. ^[8]^[9]

Uske palwaar ke dharmik bichaar udaar rahaa. Mohandas ke janam ek Gujarati Hindu Modh Bania palwaar me bhais rahaa.^[10]^[11] Gandhi ke pitaji, Karamchand, ek Hindu aur uske maiyaa, Putlibai ek Pranami Vaishnava Hindu palwaar se rahii.^[12] Gandhi ke pitaji Modh Baniya caste varna , Vaishya ke rahaa.^[13] Uske maiyaa ek puraana jamaana ke Krishna bhakti-based Pranami sanskriti, jiske religious texts me Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavata Purana, aur 14 texts ke ek sangrah hae jiske teachings Vedas, Quran aaur Bible me biswas karat rahin.^[12]^[14] Gandhi aapan maiyaa se deeply influenced rahaa, ek bahut pious aurat jon "bina puja kare khaana nai khaawat rahii... uu sab se kattar vows lewat rahii aur iske bina flinch hoe rakkhat rahii. Dui, nai tiin fast ke , ek-ke-baad-ek rakkhe se uu nai hichkichhat rahii."

References

↑ Gangrade, K.D., Moral Lessons From Gandhi S Autobiography And Other Essays, p. 155
↑ Gandhi, Mohandas K. (2009). An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth. The Floating Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-77541-405-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC&pg=PA21. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
↑ Ganguly, Debjani, ed. (2008). Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-1-134-07431-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=cId9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4. Retrieved 21 July 2019. "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti-colonial nationalist politics in the twentieth-century in ways that neither indigenous nor westernized Indian nationalists could."
↑ Misra, Amalendu (2004). Identity and Religion: Foundations of anti-Islamism in India. Sage Publications. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7619-3227-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=aLgB8pZg0qsC&pg=PA67.
↑ Malhotra, S.L. (2001). Lawyer to Mahatma: Life, Work and Transformation of M. K. Gandhi. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978-81-7629-293-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=fRq21fNfydIC&pg=PA5. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
↑ Todd, Anne M. (2012). Mohandas Gandhi. Infobase Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4381-0662-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC&pg=PA8. Retrieved 29 March 2024. "The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers."
↑ Kateshiya, Gopal B. "Know Your City: Gandhi's family house which witnessed his transformation from 'Mohan to Mahatma'", The Indian Express, 14 July 2024.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sorokin2002
↑ Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber; Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1983). Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-226-73136-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
↑ (Guha 2014a, p. 42). "The subcaste the Gandhis belonged to was known as Modh Bania, the prefix apparently referring to the town of Modhera, in Southern Gujarat."
↑ Renard, John (1999). Responses to 101 Questions on Hinduism. Paulist Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-8091-3845-6. https://archive.org/details/responsesto101qu0000rena_e0p7/page/139. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
1 2 Arvind Sharma (2013). Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography. Yale University Press. pp. 11–14. ISBN 978-0-300-18738-0. https://archive.org/details/gandhispiritualb0000shar.
↑ Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber; Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1983). Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-226-73136-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
↑ Gerard Toffin (2012). John Zavos. ed. Public Hinduisms. Sage Publications. pp. 249–57. ISBN 978-81-321-1696-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT249.

[autogenerated155-1] Gangrade, K.D., Moral Lessons From Gandhi S Autobiography And Other Essays, p. 155

[2] Gandhi, Mohandas K. (2009). An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth. The Floating Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-77541-405-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC&pg=PA21. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[GangulyDocker20082-3] Ganguly, Debjani, ed. (2008). Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-1-134-07431-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=cId9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4. Retrieved 21 July 2019. "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti-colonial nationalist politics in the twentieth-century in ways that neither indigenous nor westernized Indian nationalists could."

[4] Misra, Amalendu (2004). Identity and Religion: Foundations of anti-Islamism in India. Sage Publications. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7619-3227-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=aLgB8pZg0qsC&pg=PA67.

[5] Malhotra, S.L. (2001). Lawyer to Mahatma: Life, Work and Transformation of M. K. Gandhi. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978-81-7629-293-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=fRq21fNfydIC&pg=PA5. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[6] Todd, Anne M. (2012). Mohandas Gandhi. Infobase Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4381-0662-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC&pg=PA8. Retrieved 29 March 2024. "The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers."

[:0-7] Kateshiya, Gopal B. "Know Your City: Gandhi's family house which witnessed his transformation from 'Mohan to Mahatma'", The Indian Express, 14 July 2024.

[Sorokin2002-8] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sorokin2002

[9] Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber; Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1983). Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-226-73136-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48. Retrieved 19 March 2023.

[10] (Guha 2014a, p. 42). "The subcaste the Gandhis belonged to was known as Modh Bania, the prefix apparently referring to the town of Modhera, in Southern Gujarat."

[11] Renard, John (1999). Responses to 101 Questions on Hinduism. Paulist Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-8091-3845-6. https://archive.org/details/responsesto101qu0000rena_e0p7/page/139. Retrieved 16 August 2020.

[sharma11-12] 1 2 Arvind Sharma (2013). Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography. Yale University Press. pp. 11–14. ISBN 978-0-300-18738-0. https://archive.org/details/gandhispiritualb0000shar.

[13] Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber; Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1983). Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-226-73136-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

[14] Gerard Toffin (2012). John Zavos. ed. Public Hinduisms. Sage Publications. pp. 249–57. ISBN 978-81-321-1696-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT249.

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