Max Planck
| Max Planck | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | April 23, 1858 Kiel, Holstein |
| Died | October 4, 1947 (aged 89) Göttingen, West Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | University of Kiel Humboldt University of Berlin University of Göttingen Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaf |
| Alma mater | Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München |
| Doctoral advisor | Alexander von Brill |
| Doctoral students | Gustav Ludwig Hertz Erich Kretschmann Walther Meißner Walter Schottky Max von Laue Max Abraham Moritz Schlick Walther Bothe Julius Edgar Lilienfeld |
| Known for | Planck's constant Planck postulate Planck's law of black body radiation |
| Notable awards | Nobel Prize in Physics (1918) |
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (23 April 1858 Kiel me - 4 October 1947 Göttingen me) ek German physicist rahaa. Uu quantum mechanics discover karis rahaa.
Uske pitaji professor of law rahaa. Jab uu chhota rahaa tab uske palwaar Munich me jaae ke rahe lagaa.
1874 se Planck, Munich me physics parrhe lagaa. 1878 me uu teachers exam ke paas karis aur 1879 me uske Ph.D. mila.
1885 uu Göttingen me assistant professor of theoretical physics banaa aur 1889 me Berlin me puura professor.
1900 me Plack laws of thermic radiation aur quantum theory ke baare me paais aur iske khatir uske 1918 me Physics me Nobel Prize mila. 1905talak uu Albert Einstein ke mentor rahaa.
Uu dui dafe ssadi karis aur uske 5 children larrkan rahin, jisme se tiin chhota umar me mar gae rahin, Uu apne tuberculosis se maraa.
Bachpan ke din aur sikchhaa
[badlo | source ke badlo]Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck ke janam 23 April 1858 ke Kiel, Holstein me bhais rahaa. Uu Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck aur uske duusra aurat wife, Emma Patzig ke larrkaa rahaa. Uske baptize kar ke Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck naam dewa gais rahaa; uske dewa gais naam ke, Marx was indicated as the "appellation name".[1] Lekin das saal ke umar talak uu Max ke naam se sign karat rahaa aur iske jindagi bhar kaam me laais rahaa.[2]
Planck ek traditional, intellectual palwaar se aais rahaa. Use par-aaja aur aaja, duuno Göttingen ke theology professor rahin; uske pitaji ek law professor University of Kiel aur Munich me rahaa. uske ek uncle judge rahaa.[3]
Planck, palwaar me sixth larrkaa rahaa, lekin isme se dui uske pitaji ke pahila saadi se rahaa. Planck ke bachpan me larrai bahut common rahaa aur uu yaad karat rahaa Prussian aur Austrian ke sipaahi Kiel me march karat rahin, Second Schleswig War ,1864 me.[3]
1867 me, uske palwaar Munich move hoe gay rahin, jahaan Planck Maximiliansgymnasium me enrol bhais rahaa. Huan pe uske mathematical talents ke dekha gis rahaa[4][5] aur uu baad me Hermann Müller ke student banaa, ek mathematician jon ii larrka me interest liis rahaa aur uske astronomy aur mechanics aur mathematics parrhais rahaa. Müller se Planck pahila dafe principle of conservation of energy sikhis rahaa. Planck 17 ke umar me graduate hoe gais rahaa.[6] Ii rakam se Planck field of physics se contact me aais.
Planck music me gifted rahaa; uu gaawe waala lessons liis rahaa aur piano, organ aur cello bajaawat rahaa, aur gaana aur operas compose karis rahaa. Lekin music ke jagha, uu physics study kare ke choose karis.
1874 me, Planck, University of Munich me enrol bhais. Professor Philipp von Jolly ke supervision ke niche, Planck experiments perform karis rahaa aapan scientific career me, jahaan pe uu diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum study karis rahaa, lekin theoretical physics me transfer kar liis rahaa. Jolly, Planck ke theoretical physics me jaae kahaae virod karis rahaa; Planck yaad karis rahaa ki 1878 me, Jolly bahas karis ahaa ki physics lagbhag puura hae, "highly developed, nearly fully matured science, that through the crowning achievement of the discovery of the principle of conservation of energy will arguably soon take its final stable form".[7]
1877 me, Planck University of Berlin gais ek saal ke khaatir physicists Hermann von Helmholtz aur Gustav Kirchhoff aur mathematician Karl Weierstrass ke saathe study kare ke khaatir. Uu likis rahaa ki Helmholtz ekdam taiyaar nai rahat rahaa, dhire-dhire baat karat rahaa, dher dafe miscalculate karis rahaa, aur aapan sune waala log ke bore karat rahaa, sab Kirchhoff soch ke baat karat rahaa, aapan lecture ke achchhaa se taijaar karat rahaa, jon dry aur monotonous rahaa. Uu Helmholtz ke nagiich ke dost ban gais rahaa. Huan pe uu jaada kar ke self-study ke program karis, Rudolf Clausius ke writings ke, jiske kaaran uu thermodynamics ke aapan fied chunis rahaa.
October 1878 me, Planck aapan qualifying exams pass kar liis aur February 1879 me aapan thesis Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the second law of mechanical heat theory) ke defend karis rahaa. Uu kuchh din talak aapan puraana school, Munich me mathematics aur physics parrhais rahaa.
1880 talak, Planck Europe ke dui sab se barraa degree ke paae liis rahaa. Pahila rahaa, ek doctorate degree uske paper detailing his research and theory of thermodynamics ke baad.[3] Uske baad uu aapan venia legendi (habilitation) thesis titled Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures) ke present karis rahaa.
Kaam aur research
[badlo | source ke badlo]1880 me, Planck ekPrivatdozent (unsalaried lecturer) Munich me hoe gais rahaa, jab uu wait karat rahaa ki uske koi academic position mile. Jab ki uske suruu me, academic community ignore karis rahaa, uu aapan kaam field of heat theory ke aage barrhais aur ek-ke baad-ek wahii thermodynamical formalism jaise Gibbs ke paais without realizing it. Clausius' ideas on entropy occupied a central role in his work.
April 1885 me, Planck ke Associate Professor of Theoretical Physics University of Kiel me banaawa gais rahaa. Entropy pe aur kaam aur iske treatment, khaas kar ke as applied in physical chemistry, iske baas me aais. Uu aapan Treatise on Thermodynamics ke 1897 me publish karis rahaa.[8] Uu thermodynamic basis for Svante Arrhenius's theory of electrolytic dissociation ke propose karis rahaa.
1889 me, Planck ke Kirchhoff's position ke successor, University of Berlin chuna gais rahaa[9] – saait ii Helmholtz's intercession ke kaaran – aur 1892 me uu Full Professor banaa rahaa. 1907 me uske Ludwig Boltzmann ke position Vienna me offer karaa gais rahaa, lekin uu iske naa kar diis rahaa, Berlin me rahe ke khaatir. 1909 me, ek University of Berlin ke professor ke ruup me, uske Ernest Kempton Adams Lecturer in Theoretical Physics at Columbia University in New York City me invite karaa gais rahaa. Uske ek lecture ke series ke translate kar ke Columbia University professor A. P. Wills co-publish karis rahaa.[10]
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ Christoph Seidler, Gestatten, Marx Planck Archived 29 Juun 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Spiegel Online, 24 April 2008
- ↑ Press release Archived 18 Actobar 2009 at the Wayback Machine of the Max Planck Society about Max Planck's name.
- 1 2 3 Weir, Jane (2009) (in en). Max Planck: Revolutionary Physicist. Capstone. ISBN 978-0-7565-4073-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=W3GvwcZEYwsC&q=max+planck+move+munich&pg=PT5.
- ↑ "Max Planck | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
- ↑ Brown, Brandon R. (2015) (in en). Planck: Driven by Vision, Broken by War. Oxford University Press. pp. 14. ISBN 978-0-19-021947-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=IrqyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Max Planck
- ↑ Wells, James D. (2016-03-06). "Prof. von Jolly's 1878 prediction of the end of theoretical physics as reported by Max Planck". Scholardox. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/163719.
- ↑ Planck, Max (1897). Vorlesungen über Thermodynamik. Leipzig: Verlag Von Veit & Company. http://gutenberg.org/ebooks/31564. Retrieved 27 June 2012. English translation: Planck, Max (1903). Treatise on Thermodynamics. London: Longmans, Green, and Company. https://archive.org/details/treatiseonthermo00planrich. Retrieved 27 June 2012. "Treatise on Thermodynamics."
- ↑ "Max Planck – Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Prize Organisation. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
- ↑ Jacques Hadamard (1915). Four lectures on mathematics: delivered at Columbia University in 1911. Columbia University Press. pp. 7–. https://archive.org/details/cu31924060184375. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
