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Albert Einstein

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This person is a Nobel prize winner
This person is a Nobel prize winner
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein, 1921
BornMarch 14, 1879(1879-03-14)
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
DiedApril 18, 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
ResidenceGermany, Italy, Switzerland, USA
CitizenshipWürttemberg/Germany (1879–96)
Stateless (1896-1901)
Switzerland (1901–55)
Austria (1911–12)
Germany (1914–33)
United States (1940–55)[1]
EthnicityJewish
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsSwiss Patent Office (Bern)
University of Zurich
Charles University in Prague
ETH Zurich
Prussian Academy of Sciences
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
University of Leiden
Institute for Advanced Study
Alma materETH Zurich
University of Zurich
Doctoral advisorAlfred Kleiner
Other academic advisorsHeinrich Friedrich Weber
Notable studentsErnst G. Straus
Nathan Rosen
Known forGeneral relativity
Special relativity
Photoelectric effect
Brownian motion
Mass-energy equivalence
Einstein field equations
Unified Field Theory
Bose–Einstein statistics
Notable awardsNobel Prize in Physics (1921)
Copley Medal (1925)
Max Planck Medal (1929)
Time Person of the Century
Religious stanceSee Main article
Signature

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 - 18 April 1955) ek Germany me paida hoe waala, theoretical bhautik vigyanik (physicist) rahaa, jiske theory of relativity ke banaae ke khaatir jaana jaae hae. famous scientist rahaa jiske 1921 me Physics ke khatir Nobel Prize mila rahaa. Einstein, quantum mechanics me bhi khaas yogdaan diis hae.[2][3] Uske mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, jon special relativity se aae hae, ke "the world's most famous equation" bataawa gais hae.[4] 1921 me uske bhautik vigyan me Nobel Prize milaa, uske theoretical bhautik vigyan, khaas kar ke photoelectric effect ke niyam ke paae ke khaatir.[5]

1905, Einsten ke "miracle saal" maana jaae hae, jab uu chaar khaas paper ke publish karis rahaa.Template:Sfnp Isme uu photoelectric effect ke theory, Brownian motion, theory of reativity aur mass and enery equivalence ke baare me samjhaais. 1915 me uu general theory of relativity ke propose karis aur aapan system of mechanics me gravitation ke bhi saamil karis. 1916 me ek paper me uu general relativity ke ke universe ke structure aur evolution ke baare me likhis. [6][7] 1917 me, Einstein ek paper likhis jisme uu "concept of spontaneaous" aur "simulated emission" ke introduce karis jon laser aur maser ke banae ke possible karis aur isme uu sab jaankari rahaa jiske baad me quantum electrodynamics aur quantum optics me kaam me aais.[8]

Uske kaam ke biich waala hissa me uu statistical mechanics aur quantum theory me khaas yogdaan diis rahaa. Uske ek important kaam "quantum physics of radiation" me rahaa, jisme light particles jiske baad me photon bola gais rahaa, rahaa. Uu India ke bhautik vigyanis, Satyendra Nath Bose ke saathe Bose-Einstein statistics ke groungwork ke lay karis. Uu aapan academic life ke aakhri phase me pahile "fundamental randomness" ke science me introduce kare ke virod karis[9] aur duusra uu ek "unified field thoery" ke banae ke kosis karis, jisse uu mainstream modern physics se duur hoe gais rahaa.

Uske jindagi aur kaam

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Bachpan aur parrhaai

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A young boy with short hair and a round face, wearing a white collar and large bow, with vest, coat, skirt, and high boots. He is leaning against an ornate chair.
Einstein in 1882, ageTemplate:Nbs3

Einstein ke janam Ulm[10] , Württemberg, Germany me 14 March 1879 me bhais rahaa. Uske palwaar Jewish rahin lekin bahut dharmic nai rahin. 1880 me uske palwaar Munich me jaae ke rahe lagin jahaan pe uske pitaji aur chaacha ek company ke suruu karis jon direct current ke kaam me llwat rahaa. Albert jab tiin saal ke rahaa tab baat kare ke suruu karis rahaa. Jab Albert lagbhag chaar saal ke rahaa tab uske pitaji uske ek magnetic compass diis rahaa. Uu ii jaane mangat rahaa ki uu kon invisible chij hai jon ki compass ke needle ke ghumae hae aur uske interest science aur Maths me aur jaada hoe gais.

Jab uu paanch saal ke rahaa tab uu ek Catholic school me parrhai suruu karis. Aath saal ke umar me uu duusra school gais jahaan pe uu aapan promary aur secondary parhai karis rahaa.

Einstein's parents, Hermann and Pauline
Studio photo of a boy seated in a relaxed posture and wearing a suit, posed in front of a backdrop of scenery.
Einstein in 1893, ageTemplate:Nbs14

Jab uu aur barra bhais tab uu Switzerland me ek school me gais. Graduate hoe ke baad uu ek patent office me kaaam kare lagaa. Ii kaam kare ke time uu papers likhis jisse uu ek famous scientist banaa.

World War I se kuchh din pahile uu Germany laut gais aur ek school ke director ban gais. Uu, ja talak Nazi government power me nai aais, Berlin me rahat rahaa. Nazi logan Einstein ke "Jewish physics," khatir acuse karis aur German physicists uske theory ke disprove kare ke kisis karis Einstein United States chal diis aur Princeton, New Jersey me rahat rahaa aur 1940 me United States citizen ban gais.

World War II ke time , Einstein aur Leó Szilárd U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt ke lage likh ke ii maang karis ki US , Germany se pahile nucklear bomb banae.

Einsteinke maut 18 April 1955 , heart disease ke kaaran hoe gais.

Vigyan ke kaam

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Head and shoulders shot of a young, moustached man with dark, curly hair wearing a plaid suit and vest, striped shirt, and a dark tie.
Albert Einstein in 1904
The photoelectric effect. Incoming photons on the left strike a metal plate (bottom), and eject electrons, depicted as flying off to the right.

Einstein, aapan jindagi bhar, dher sau books aur article publish karis rahaa.[11][10] Uu aapan akkele kaam ke saathe, duusra scientist logan ke saaathe bhi dher kaam karis rahaa, jisme Bose–Einstein statistics bhi hae, aur Einstein refrigerator.[12]

1895 me Einstein Switzerland me jaae ke rahe lagaa, aur 1896 me aapan German citizenship ke tyaag diis.[note 1] 1897 me, jab uske umar 17 saal rahaa, tab uu Zurich ke federal polytechnic school me bharti hoe ke mathematics aur physics teaching diploma ke parrhai suruu karis aur 1900 me graduate bhais. 1901 me uu Switzerland ke citizenship liis, jiske uu jindagi bhar rakkhis rahaa, aur Bern ke Swiss Patent Office me kaam kare ke suruu karis. 1905 me uu University of Zurich se PhD karis. 1914 me uu Berlin me jaae ke rahe lagaa aur University of Berlin ke Kaiser Wilhem Institute me bhautik vigyan ke director banaa. 1917 me uu fir se German citizen banaa.[note 1] 1933 me, jab Einstein, United States me rahaa, tab Germany me Adolf Hitler power me aais. Nazi log ke Jews ke prosecution ke dekh ke uu America me rahe ke decide karis aur 1940 me uske American citizenship dewa gais rahaa.[13] World War II ke surru hoe ke time uu America ke President ke lage ek chitthii likhis jisme uu Germany ke nuclear program ke baare me chetauni diis aur ii sifaris karis ki America bhi nuclear research kae.


Duusra websites

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Wikimedia Commons me Albert Einstein ke baare me kuchh media hae.
Wikiquote me Albert Einstein ke baare me kuchh quotation hae.

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References

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{{reflist|refs= [10] [2] [3] [6] [7] [13] [11] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]

  1. ↑ Hans-Josef, Küpper (2000). "Various things about Albert Einstein". einstein-website.de. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Whittaker, E. (1 November 1955). "Albert Einstein. 1879–1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 1: 37–67. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Yang, Fujia; Hamilton, Joseph H. (2010). Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics. World Scientific. p. 274. ISBN 978-981-4277-16-7.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LnLVo
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Nobel Prize
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe" (PDF). Nobel Media AB. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Overbye, Dennis. "A Century Ago, Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Everything", The New York Times, 24 November 2015.Template:Cbignore
  8. ↑ Kleppner, Daniel (1 February 2005). "Rereading Einstein on Radiation" (in en). Physics Today 58 (2): 30–33. doi:10.1063/1.1897520. ISSN 0031-9228. https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/58/2/30/904451/Rereading-Einstein-on-RadiationThe-concepts-of.
  9. ↑ Robinson, Andrew (30 April 2018). "Did Einstein really say that?". Nature 557 (30): 30. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05004-4. ISSN 0028-0836. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05004-4. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Albert Einstein[[:Template:Nbs]]– Biography". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2007. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Paul Arthur Schilpp, ed. (1951). Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. II. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition). pp. 730–746.. His non-scientific works include: About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein (1930), "Why War?" (1933, co-authored by Sigmund Freud), The World As I See It (1934), Out of My Later Years (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, The Evolution of Physics (1938, co-authored by Leopold Infeld).
  12. ↑ "Einstein archive at the Instituut-Lorentz". Instituut-Lorentz. 2005. Retrieved on 21 November 2005.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Paul S. Boyer; Melvyn Dubofsky (2001). The Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-19-508209-8. https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00paul_0.
  14. ↑ "Result of WordNet Search for Einstein". 3.1. The Trustees of Princeton University. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  15. ↑ Robinson, Andrew (2015). [[[:Template:GBurl]] Einstein: A Hundred Years of Relativity]. Princeton University Press. pp. 143–145. ISBN 978-0-691-16989-7. Template:GBurl. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  16. ↑ "FAQ about Einstein and the Institute" (official website). Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI. 27 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  17. ↑ "A New Physics, Based on Einstein", The New York Times, 25 November 1919, p. 17.
  18. ↑ Andrzej, Stasiak (2003). "Myths in science". EMBO Reports 4 (3): 236. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.embor779. PMC 1315907.
  19. ↑ Fred Jerome; Rodger Taylor (2006). [[[:Template:GBurl]] Einstein on Race and Racism]. Rutgers University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8135-3952-2. Template:GBurl. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  20. ↑ Gilbert, Martin. Churchill and the Jews, Henry Holt and Company, N.Y. (2007) pp. 101, 176
  21. ↑ "Denunciation of German Policy is a Stirring Event", Associated Press, 27 July 1933
  22. ↑ "Stateless Jews: The Exiles from Germany, Nationality Plan", The Guardian (UK) 27 July 1933
  23. ↑ Arntzenius, Linda G. (2011). [[[:Template:GBurl]] Institute for Advanced Study]. Arcadia Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7385-7409-7. Template:GBurl. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  24. ↑ Jerome, Fred (December 2004). "Einstein, Race, and the Myth of the Cultural Icon". Isis 95 (4): 627–639. doi:10.1086/430653. PMID 16011298.
  25. ↑ "Albert Einstein, Civil Rights activist". 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2014., Harvard Gazette, 12 April 2007


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