Isaac Newton

**Isaac Newton**
Isaac Newton
	Newton ke portrait, 1689
Born	4 January 1643; Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, England
Died	31 March 1727 (aged 84); Kensington, Middlesex, England;
Fields	Physics; natural philosophy; alchemy; theology; mathematics; astronomy; economics;
Institutions	University of Cambridge; Royal Society; Royal Mint;
Academic advisors	Isaac Barrow; Benjamin Pulleyn;
Notable students	Roger Cotes; William Whiston;
Known for	List
Notable awards	FRS (1672); Knight Bachelor (1705);
	Signature;

Sir Isaac Newton (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) ek English physicist aur mathematician rahaa. Uu motion, optics, gravity, aur calculus me kaam kare khatir jaana jaawe hae. Uske janam Lincolnshire, England me bhais rahaa. Uu aapan parrhai The King's School, Grantham me suruu karis rahaa. Kuchh saal ke baad uske maiya uske ghare balae ke khet me kaam me lagae diis. Lekin uske teacher uske school laute ke chirauri karis aur uu ek saal baad school laut gais. Baad me uu Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica likhis jon ki kaafi famous bhaes.

Bachpan ke din

Isaac Newton ke janam Woolsthorpe Manor, Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, Lincolnshire me 4 January 1643 me bhais rahaa.^[4] Uske pitaji, jiske naam bhi Isaac Newton rahaa ke maut Newton ke janam se tiin mahina pahile hoe gais rahaa.^[5] Jab Newton tiin saal ke rahaa tab uske maiyaa fir se saadi kar liis, Reverend Barnabas Smith se, aur Newton ke aapan miyaa ke lage chhorr ke uu aapan nawaa admi ke lage rahe lagii. Newton aapan step-pitaji ke pasand nai karat rahaa.^[6] Newton ke maiyaa ke tiin aur larrkan uske duusra saadi se bhais rahaa. ^[7]

The King's School

12 saal ke umar se, 17 saal ke umar talak, Newton ke parrhai, Grantham me The King's Schoo me bhais rahaa, jahaan pe uu Latin, puraana Greek bhasa aur mathematics parrhis rahaa.^[8] Uske maiyaa, uske ii school se nikaal ke, October 1659 me, Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth me fir se karis. Uske maiyaa, jiske duusra admii bhi mar gais rahaa, Newton ke ek kisan banae ke kosis karis rahaa, jiske Newton pasand nai karat rahaa.^[9] The King's School ke master, Henry Stokes aur Newton ke Uncle uske maiyaa ke , Newton ke fir se school bheje ke, persuade karis.^[10] School ke bully se badlaa le ke khaatir, Newton aapan claas ke top karis,^[11] aur ek sundial aur windmill ke model bhi banais.^[12]

University of Cambridge

June 1661 me, Newton University of Cambridge me bharti bhais. University me uu aapan fees valet duty kar ke bharis, jab talak, 1664 me, uske scholarship nai milaa. Ii scholarship uske university ke kharchaa ke chaar aur saal talak cover karis, jabtak uske Master of Arts ke degree nai milaa.^[13] Uu time Cotleambridge ke parrhai, Aristotle pe based rahaa, jiske Newton parrhis, aur modern philosopher, jaise René Descartes aur astronomers jaise Galileo Galilei aur Thomas Street ke bhi parrhis rahaa. 1665 me Newton binomial theorem ke paais aur ek mathematical theory ke develop karis jon baad me calculus hoe gais. Cabridge me BA ke parrhai ke kuchh din baad University ke band kar dewa gais rahaa, Grest Plague ke kaaran.

Jab ki Newton ke parrhai, Cambridge me bahut acchhaa nai rahaa, uske aapan parrhai, uske Bachelors degree ke baad ke, "the richest and most productive ever experienced by a scientist" bataawa gais hae.^[14] Agle dui saal me uu calculus ke theories,^[15] optics aur [[law of gravitation] ke develop karis rahaa, aapan ghare Woolsthorpe me. Physicist, Louis T. More ii bolis rahaa ki, "itihaas me achievement ke aur koi namuuna nai hae jon Newton se ii dui saal me achievement se compare kare sake.^[16]

April 1667 me, Newton laut ke University of Cambridge gais, aur October me uske fellow of Trinity chuna gais rahaa.^[17] Fellows ke "holy orders" le ke parrat rahaa aur Anglican padri ordain karat rahaa, lekin iske Stuart Restoration ke time enforce nai karaa jaawat rahaa aur khaai ii bole ke ki uu Church of England ke hae sufficient rahaa. Ii time talak Newton dharam ke baare me bahut nai sochis rahaa aur dui dafe "Thirty-nine Articles" ke agreement, jon Church of England ke doctrine ke basus rahaa, ke sign karis rahaa. 1675 talak ii isse ke bagal nai karaa jaae sakaa aur uke "unconvwntional" view uske tarrakki ke rasta me rahaa. ^[18]

References

↑ Feingold, Mordechai. Barrow, Isaac (1630–1677) Archived 29 Janwari 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2009; explained further in Feingold, Mordechai (1993). "Newton, Leibniz, and Barrow Too: An Attempt at a Reinterpretation". Isis 84 (2): 310–338. doi:10.1086/356464. ISSN 0021-1753.
↑ "Dictionary of Scientific Biography". Notes, No. 4. Archived from the original on 25 February 2005.
↑ "Fellows of the Royal Society". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.
↑ Hatch, Robert A. (1988). "Sir Isaac Newton". Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
↑ Storr, Anthony (December 1985). "Isaac Newton". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 291 (6511): 1779–84. doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6511.1779. PMC 1419183. PMID 3936583.
↑ Keynes, Milo (20 September 2008). "Balancing Newton's Mind: His Singular Behaviour and His Madness of 1692–93". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 62 (3): 289–300. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2007.0025. PMID 19244857.
↑ Westfall 1980, p. 55.
↑ "Newton the Mathematician" Z. Bechler, ed., Contemporary Newtonian Research(Dordrecht 1982) pp. 110–111
↑ Westfall 1994, pp. 16–19.
↑ Westfall 1994, pp. 64.
↑ White 1997, p. 22.
↑ Westfall 1980, pp. 60–62.
↑ Westfall 1980, pp. 71, 103.
↑ Connor, Elizabeth (1942-01-01). "Sir Isaac Newton, the Pioneer of Astrophysics". Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 4 (158): 55. ISSN 0004-6272. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942ASPL....4...55C/abstract.
↑ Newton, Isaac. "Waste Book". Cambridge University Digital Library. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
↑ More, Louis Trenchard (1934). Isaac Newton: A Biography. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 41. https://archive.org/details/b29977800/page/41.
↑ More, Louis Trenchard (1934). Isaac Newton: A Biography. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 41. https://archive.org/details/b29977800/page/41.
↑ Westfall 1980, pp. 330–331.

[1] Feingold, Mordechai. Barrow, Isaac (1630–1677) Archived 29 Janwari 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2009; explained further in Feingold, Mordechai (1993). "Newton, Leibniz, and Barrow Too: An Attempt at a Reinterpretation". Isis 84 (2): 310–338. doi:10.1086/356464. ISSN 0021-1753.

[2] "Dictionary of Scientific Biography". Notes, No. 4. Archived from the original on 25 February 2005.

[frs-3] "Fellows of the Royal Society". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.

[4] Hatch, Robert A. (1988). "Sir Isaac Newton". Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.

[5] Storr, Anthony (December 1985). "Isaac Newton". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 291 (6511): 1779–84. doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6511.1779. PMC 1419183. PMID 3936583.

[6] Keynes, Milo (20 September 2008). "Balancing Newton's Mind: His Singular Behaviour and His Madness of 1692–93". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 62 (3): 289–300. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2007.0025. PMID 19244857.

[FOOTNOTEWestfall198055-7] Westfall 1980, p. 55.

[8] "Newton the Mathematician" Z. Bechler, ed., Contemporary Newtonian Research(Dordrecht 1982) pp. 110–111

[FOOTNOTEWestfall199416–19-9] Westfall 1994, pp. 16–19.

[FOOTNOTEWestfall199464-10] Westfall 1994, pp. 64.

[FOOTNOTEWhite199722-11] White 1997, p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEWestfall198060–62-12] Westfall 1980, pp. 60–62.

[FOOTNOTEWestfall198071,_103-13] Westfall 1980, pp. 71, 103.

[14] Connor, Elizabeth (1942-01-01). "Sir Isaac Newton, the Pioneer of Astrophysics". Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 4 (158): 55. ISSN 0004-6272. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942ASPL....4...55C/abstract.

[15] Newton, Isaac. "Waste Book". Cambridge University Digital Library. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.

[16] More, Louis Trenchard (1934). Isaac Newton: A Biography. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 41. https://archive.org/details/b29977800/page/41.

[17] More, Louis Trenchard (1934). Isaac Newton: A Biography. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 41. https://archive.org/details/b29977800/page/41.

[FOOTNOTEWestfall1980330–331-18] Westfall 1980, pp. 330–331.

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Isaac Newton
Newton ke portrait, 1689
Born	4 January 1643(1643-01-04) Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, England
Died	31 March 1727 (aged 84) Kensington, Middlesex, England
Fields	Physics natural philosophy alchemy theology mathematics astronomy economics
Institutions	University of Cambridge Royal Society Royal Mint
Academic advisors	Isaac Barrow^[1] Benjamin Pulleyn^[2]
Notable students	Roger Cotes William Whiston
Known for	List Newtonian mechanics universal gravitation calculus Newton's laws of motion optics binomial series Principia Newton's method Newton's law of cooling Newton's identities Newton's metal Newton line Newton–Gauss line Newtonian fluid Newton's rings Standing on the shoulders of giants List of all other works and concepts
Notable awards	FRS (1672)^[3] Knight Bachelor (1705)
Signature