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Ashoka the Great

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Ashoka the Great (Asoka
Mauryan Samrat
Indian_relief_from_Amaravati,_Guntur._Preserved_in_Guimet_Museum
A Chakravatin,(possibly Ashoka the great) 1st century BC/CE.
Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati. Preserved at Musee Guimet
Reign273 BC-232 BC
Coronation270 BC
Full nameAshok Bindusara Maurya
TitlesSamrat. Other titles include Devanampriya Priyadarsi, Dhammarakhit, Dharmarajika, Dhammarajika, Dhammaradnya, Chakravartin, Samrat, Radnyashreshtha, Magadhrajshretha, Magadharajan, Bhupatin, Mauryaraja, Aryashok, Dharmashok, Dhammashok, Asokvadhhan , Ashokavardhan, Prajapita,Dhammanayak, Dharmanayak
Born304 BC
BirthplacePataliputra, Patna
Died232 BC (aged 72)
Place of deathPataliputra, Patna
BuriedAshes immersed in Ganges River, possibly in Varanasi
PredecessorBindusara
SuccessorDasaratha Maurya
ConsortMaharani Devi
WivesRani Tishyaraksha
Rani Padmavati
Rani Kaurwaki
OffspringMahendra, Sanghamitra,Teevala, Kunala
Royal HouseMauryan dynasty
FatherBindusara
MotherRani Dharma or Shubhadrangi
Religious beliefsHinduism, Buddhism
Mauryan_Empire_under_Ashoka

Ashoka ek Indian emperor rahaa jiske Maurya dynasty India pe 273 BCE tse lae ke 232 BCE talak raj karis. Uske India ke sab se barraa raja maana jaawe hae aur uu India ke lagbhag sab jagah pe military conquest ke baad, raj karis rahaa. Ek larrai, jisme 200,457 log ke maut hoe gais, uu Buddhist ban gais.

Jaankari ke srot

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Ashoka ke baare me jaankari uske inscriptions, duusra inscriptions jon uske charchaa kare hae, nai to hoe sake uske raaj se, aur puraana literature, khaas kar ke Buddhist books.[1] Ii sab srot dher dafe ek duusre ke contradict kare hae, lekin dher historians uulog ke testiminy ke correlate kare ke kosos katin rahaa testimony.[2]

Ashoka's Major Rock Edict Junagadh me inscriptions by Ashoka (fourteen of the Edicts of Ashoka), Rudradaman I aur Skandagupta hae.

Inscriptions

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Ashoka ke inscriptions sab se puraana self-representations of imperial power in the Indian subcontinent hae.[3] lekin, ii sab inscriptions jaada kar ke topic of dhamma pe focus kare hae, aur Maurya state aur society ke baare me bahut kamtii jaan kari de hae.[2] American academic John S. Strong ke anusaar, ii kabhi-kabhi helpful rahe hae ki ii socho ki Ashoka ke sandes propaganda hae ek politician se jiske aim hae, aapan aur aapan raaj ke baare me achchhaa chij batae, aur khaali itihasik jaanjari nai. [4]

Kuchh aur inscriptions ajaankari de hae Ashoka ke baare me.[2] jaise, uu Ashoka 2nd-century Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman me.[5] Ek inscription jiske Sirkap me paawa gais hae mention kare hae ek khoyaa bais sabd jon "Priyadari" se suruu hoe hae, jiske maana jaawe hae ki Ashoka ke title "Priyadarshi" rahaa, kaaheki Aramaic 3rd century BCE ke me likha gais hae, lekin ii certain nai hae.[6] Kuchh aur inscriptions, jaise Sohgaura copper plate inscription aur Mahasthan inscription, keo Ashoka ke jamaana ke date karaa gais hae, scholars se, lekin kuchh log iske biswas nai kare hae.[7]

Buddhist legends

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Ashoka ke baare me dher jaankari Buddhist legends se aawe hae, jon uske dekhae hae ek barraa, ideal samrat ke ruup me.[8] Ii sab kahaani ke Ashoka ke time nai likha gais rahaa aur inke Buddhist authors likhe rahin, jon dher khissa ke kaam me laae ke ii dekhae ke kosis kare hae ki Buddhism kaise Ashoka ke affect karis rahaa. Ii kaaran se ii jaankari ke itihasik jaankari ke srot me kaam me laae pe caution exercise kare ke chaahi. [9] Aaj-kal ke scholars me, ii srot ke baare me raae range kare hae downright dismissal of these legends as mythological seacceptance of all historical portions that seem plausible.[10]

Ashoka ke baare me Buddhist legends dher bhasa me hae, jisme hae Sanskrit, Pali, Tibetan, Chinese, Burmese, Khmer, Sinhala, Thai, Lao, aur Khotanese. Ii sab kahani ke dui primary traditions pe trace karaa jaae sake hae:[11]

  • North Indian tradition jon Sanskrit-bhasa waala texts me preserved hae, jaise Divyavadana (jisme Ashokavadana bhi hae); aur Chinese sources jaise A-yü wang chuan and A-yü wang ching.[11]
  • the Sri Lankan tradition jon Pali-bhasa waala texts me preserved hae, jaise Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Vamsatthapakasini ( Mahavamsa pe commentary), Buddhaghosha ke commentary Vinaya pe, aur Samanta-pasadika.[5][11]

Ii dui tradition me dher khaas antar hae . Jaise, Sri Lankan tradition Ashoka ke role Third Buddhist council ke balae me, aur uske missionaries ke duur-duur bhejna, jisme uske larrka Mahinda Sri Lanka aais rahaa, bhi hae.[11] Lekin, North Indian tradition ii sab events ke baare me kuchh nai batae hae. Isme aur kuch jaankari hae jon Sri Lankan tradition me nai hae, jaise ek khissa ek duusra larrka, Kunala ke baare me.[12]

Jaana-maana khissa jon duuno tradition me hae, ke batae me duuno traditions diverge hoe hae dher rakam se. Jaise, duuno Ashokavadana aur Mahavamsajikar kare hae Ashoka ke empress Tishyarakshita Bodhi Tree ke naas kar diis rahaa. Ashokavadana me, empress perr ke bachae le hae jab uu ii realise kare hae ki uu maistake karis hae. Mahavamsa me, uu perr ke sab din ke khaatir naas kar de hae, lekin ii, uske baad jab perr ke ek daali ke Sri Lanka me boe deewa gais rahaa.[13] Ek aur khissa me , duuno texts describe kare hae Ashoka ke unsuccessful attempts karis rahaa Gautama Buddha ke relics ke Ramagrama se batore ke. Ashokavadana me, Ashoka isme asafal rahe hae kaaheki uu Nāgas wjiske lage relics rahaa, ke devotion ke match nai kare sakaa rahaa; lekin me Mahavamsa, uske relics nai mile hae kaaheki Buddha batai rahaa ki ii relics King Dutthagamani of Sri Lanka ke lage rahii.[14] Aisan khissa ke kaam me laae ke, Mahavamsa Sri Lanka ke glorify kare hae as the new preserve of Buddhism.[15]

King Ashoka Ramagrama jaawe hae, Buddha ke relics ke Nagas se le ke khaatir, lekin uu asafal rahe hae. Southern gateway, Stupa 1, Sanchi.[16]

Duusra srot

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Numismatic, sculptural, aur archaeological sabuut Ashoka pe research ke supplement kare hae.[17] Ashoka ke naam Mauryan samrat ke suchi me dher Puranas me hae. Lekin ii texts uske baare me aur detail nai de hae kaaheki Brahmanical lekhak ke Mauryans patronise nai karat rahin.[18] Aur texts, jaise Arthashastra aur Indica of Megasthenes, jon Maurya jamaana ke baare me jaankari de hae, ke kaam me laae ke Ashoka ke raaj ke baare me jaankari ekkatha karaa jaae sake hae.[19] Lekin Arthashastra ek text hae jon ideal pe focus kare hae historical state pe nai, aur iske Mauryan jamaana ke date kare pe debate hae. Indica ek lost work, aur iske khaali kuchh hissa bachaa hae jon paraphrases in later writings hae.[2]

12th-century text Rajatarangini mentions kare hae ek Kashmiri raja Ashoka of Gonandiya dynasty jon dhe banais rahaa stupas: kuchh scholars, jaise Aurel Stein, ii raja ke Maurya emperor Ashoka batais hae; aur log, jaise Ananda W. P. Guruge ii identification ke galat batais hae.[20]

Naam aur padwi

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Names and titles of Ashoka
"Devānampiyasa Asoka", in the Maski Edict of Ashoka.
The name "Asoka" (𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓 A-so-ka) in the Maski Minor Rock Edict.
Ashoka's title "Devanaṃpiyena Piyadasi" (𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀦 𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺) in the Lumbini Minor Pillar Edict.

"A-shoka" naam ke matlab "without sorrow" hae. Ashokavadana legend ke anusaar, uske maiyaa uske ii naam diis rahaa kaaheki uske paidaais uske maiyaa ke dukh se hatais rahaa.[21]

Priyadasi naam Ashoka se associated hae 3rd–4th century CE Dipavamsa ke anusaar.[22] Ii term ke matlab literally hae "he who regards amiably", or "of gracious mien" (Sanskrit: Priya-darshi). Ii saait ek regnal name name rahaa hoi jiske Ashoka adopt karis rahaa.[23][24] Ii naam ke ek version ke Ashoka kaam me laais hae Greek-bhasa waala inscriptions me: βασιλεὺς Πιοδασσης ("Basileus Piodassēs").[24]

Ashoka ke inscriptions mention kare hae uske title Devanampiya (Sanskrit: Devanampriya, "Beloved of the Gods"). The identification of Devanampiya and Ashoka as the same person is established by the Maski and Gujarra inscriptions, which use both these terms for the king.[25][26] Ii title ke duusra raja log bhi kaam me laae rahin jisme uu time ke Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura aur Ashoka ke descendant Dasharatha Maurya bhi hae.[27]

  1. ↑ Thapar 1961, pp. 5–8.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Singh 2012, p. 132.
  3. ↑ Singh 2012, p. 131.
  4. ↑ Strong 1995, p. 141.
  5. 1 2 Thapar 1961, p. 8.
  6. ↑ Thapar 1961, p. 7.
  7. ↑ Thapar 1961, pp. 7–8.
  8. ↑ Singh 2008, pp. 331–332.
  9. ↑ Thapar 1961, pp. 8–9.
  10. ↑ Strong 1989, p. 12.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Strong 1995, p. 143.
  12. ↑ Strong 1995, p. 144.
  13. ↑ Strong 1995, pp. 152–154.
  14. ↑ Strong 1995, p. 155.
  15. ↑ Strong 1995, pp. 154–157.
  16. ↑ Singh 2017, p. 162.
  17. ↑ Thapar 1961, p. 11.
  18. ↑ Thapar 1995, p. 15.
  19. ↑ Thapar 1961, p. 9.
  20. ↑ Guruge 1995b, pp. 185-188.
  21. ↑ Strong 1989, p. 205.
  22. ↑ (in en) The Dîpavaṃsa: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record. Williams and Norgate. 1879. pp. 147–148. https://archive.org/details/dpavasaanancien00oldegoog.
  23. ↑ Thapar 1961, pp. 226–227.
  24. 1 2 Sircar, D. C. (1979). Asokan studies. p. 113. https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n125/mode/2up.
  25. ↑ Strong 1989, p. 11.
  26. ↑ Lahiri 2015, p. 129.
  27. ↑ Thapar 1961, p. 226.
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