Viking

Vikings ek seafaring log rahin, jon suruu me Scandinavia (abhi ke Denmark, Norway, aur Sweden) ke rahin,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] jon late 8th se late 11th centuries talak Europe ke sab settled ilaaka ke raide, pirate, trade, aur settle kare rahin.^[7]^[8]^[9] Uulog Mediterranean, North Africa, Middle East, Greenland, aur Vinland (abhi ke Newfoundland Canada me, North America) talak voyage kare rahin. Jon des se uulog aawe rahin, aur kuchh des jiske uulog raid kare rahin aur jisme uulog jaae ke base rahin, ii jamaana ke jaada kar ke Viking Age bola jaawe hae, aur sabd "Viking" ke uulog ke Scandinavian homelands ke lig ke bhi bola jaawe hae, puura late 8th se mid-11th centuries talak. Vikings ke khaas asar early medieval northern aurEastern Europe ke itihaas pe rahaa, jisme political au social development of England (English bhasa)^[10] aur France ke kuchh hissa, aur Kievan Rus' ke banaana, jon baad ke states of Belarus, Russia, aur Ukraine ke ancestors rahin.^[11]^[12]

Dusra websites

BBC: History of Vikings
Borg Viking museum, Norway Archived 2010-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
The Viking Network
Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan Archived 2006-11-09 at the Wayback Machine

References

↑ Illustration from a Life of Albinus of Angers produced at the Abbey of Saint-Aubin. Depicted is a Viking attack on Guérande. See Magdalena Carrasco, "Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works", PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. Template:ProQuest
↑ The article Tjängvidestenen Archived 27 Janwari 2020 at the Wayback Machine in Nordisk familjebok (1919).
↑ Margaryan, Ashot; Lawson, Daniel J.; Sikora, Martin; Racimo, Fernando; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Cassidy, Lara M.; Jørsboe, Emil et al. (17 September 2020). "Population genomics of the Viking world". Nature 585 (7825): 390–396. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. PMID 32939067.
↑ Mawer, Allen (1913). The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-9517339-4-X. https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe. "The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.'" Holman, Catherine (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Scarecrow Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8108-6589-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ. "Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries..." Simpson, Jacqueline (1980). The Viking World. Batsford. p. 9. ISBN 0-7134-0777-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 15 September 2019. "Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian..." Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803073-7. https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm. "The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group"
↑ Campbell, Alistair (1973). "Viking". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 23. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 11. ISBN 0-85229-173-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 8 June 2020. "The term "Viking" is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE." Mawer, Allen (1922). "The Vikings". In Bury, J. B.. The Cambridge Medieval History. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 309. https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 8 June 2020. "The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries..." "Viking". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-172713-9. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&result=1. Retrieved 3 January 2020. "Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards." Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John, eds. (2015). "Viking". The Oxford Companion to British History (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-175715-0. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&result=7. Retrieved 3 January 2020. "Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents."
↑ Oxford Dictionaries (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 1612. ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 15 September 2019. "Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries..." Random House Unabridged Dictionary (2019). "Vikings". Dictionary.com. Random House. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries Collins English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition (2010). "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. "Viking". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.
↑ "Viking". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2018. Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were...
↑ Linton, Michael I. A.; Nokkentved, Christian. "Denmark: The Viking Era". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018. Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland
↑ Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.
↑ "Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? | Aeon Essays". Aeon (in English). Archived from the original on 30 January 2025. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
↑ Brink 2008, p. 4.
↑ Plokhy 2006, p. 1, 'For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval East Slavic state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'.

[1] Illustration from a Life of Albinus of Angers produced at the Abbey of Saint-Aubin. Depicted is a Viking attack on Guérande. See Magdalena Carrasco, "Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works", PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. Template:ProQuest

[nordisk1-2] The article Tjängvidestenen Archived 27 Janwari 2020 at the Wayback Machine in Nordisk familjebok (1919).

[3] Margaryan, Ashot; Lawson, Daniel J.; Sikora, Martin; Racimo, Fernando; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Cassidy, Lara M.; Jørsboe, Emil et al. (17 September 2020). "Population genomics of the Viking world". Nature 585 (7825): 390–396. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. PMID 32939067.

[Definition_Scholarly-4] Mawer, Allen (1913). The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-9517339-4-X. https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe. "The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.'" Holman, Catherine (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Scarecrow Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8108-6589-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ. "Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries..." Simpson, Jacqueline (1980). The Viking World. Batsford. p. 9. ISBN 0-7134-0777-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 15 September 2019. "Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian..." Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803073-7. https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm. "The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group"

[Definition_Tertiary-5] Campbell, Alistair (1973). "Viking". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 23. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 11. ISBN 0-85229-173-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 8 June 2020. "The term "Viking" is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE." Mawer, Allen (1922). "The Vikings". In Bury, J. B.. The Cambridge Medieval History. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 309. https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 8 June 2020. "The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries..." "Viking". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-172713-9. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&result=1. Retrieved 3 January 2020. "Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards." Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John, eds. (2015). "Viking". The Oxford Companion to British History (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-175715-0. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&result=7. Retrieved 3 January 2020. "Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents."

[Definition_Dictionary-6] Oxford Dictionaries (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 1612. ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 15 September 2019. "Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries..." Random House Unabridged Dictionary (2019). "Vikings". Dictionary.com. Random House. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries Collins English Dictionary. "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition (2010). "Viking". Collins Online Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. "Viking". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.

[EB_Viking-7] "Viking". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2018. Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were...

[EB_Denmark-8] Linton, Michael I. A.; Nokkentved, Christian. "Denmark: The Viking Era". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018. Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland

[Roesdahl,_pp._9–22-9] Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.

[aeon1-10] "Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? | Aeon Essays". Aeon (in English). Archived from the original on 30 January 2025. Retrieved 30 January 2025.

[FOOTNOTEBrink20084-11] Brink 2008, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEPlokhy20061'For_all_the_salient_differences_between_these_three_post-Soviet_nations,_they_have_much_in_common_when_it_comes_to_their_culture_and_history,_which_goes_back_to_Kievan_Rus',_the_medieval_[[East_Slavs|East_Slavic]]_state_based_in_the_capital_of_present-day_Ukraine.'-12] Plokhy 2006, p. 1, 'For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval East Slavic state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'.

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