The Netherlands

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Jhanda	Coat of arms
Des ke jaankari
Des ke motto:	"I will maintain"
National anthem:	Wilhelmus
Log ke baare me
Official bhasa:	Dutch. Some people in the North of the Netherlands also speak Frisian.
	Abaadi:
- Total:	{{{populationtotal}}}
Jagha
	country map Hian pe des ke dunia ke map me dekhawa jaawe hae.
Capital City:	Amsterdam. But the Queen and the parliament are in The Hague.
Sab se barraa City:	Amsterdam
	Area
- Total:	41,526 (ranked 131)
- Water:	n/a km² (18.41%)
Politics / Government
Established:	Union of Utrecht (1579); Oath of Abjuration ( 1581)
Leader:	Queen Beatrix; Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende
Economy / Money
Paisa ke naam:	Euro (€)
International information
Time ke zone:	+01:00
Telephone ke dialing code:	31
Internet domain:	.NL

Netherlands, Europeke ek des hae, jiske abaadi 17 million hae. Netherlands ke north aur west me North Sea hae, east meGermany aur south me Belgium hae. Netherlands, European Union ke suruu kare waala ek des hae. Netherlands me rahe waala log ke Dutch bolaa jaae hae. Netherlands ke bhasa ke bhi Dutch bhasa bolaa jaae hae.

Naam

"Netherlands" ke matlab "the low lands" hae. Hian ke jamiin flat hae aur samundar se khaali kuch uuncha hae. Des ke one third bhaag samundar le level se niche hae.

Geography

Netherlands ke Europe ke hissa ke area 41,543 km² (16,040 sq mi) hae agar isme paani se bharaa ilaaka ke jorra jaae tab, aur khaali jamiin ke area 41,543 km² (16,040 sq mi) hae. Caribbean Netherlands ke puura area 328 km² (127 sq mi) hae.^[1] Ii latitudes 50° aur 54° N, aur longitudes 3° aur 8° E ke biich me hae.

Netherlands kaafi niche ke des hae agar iske samundar ke level se compare karaa jaae. Iske 26% area samundar ke level se niche hae.^[2] and 21% of its population^[3] Des ke European hissa jaada kar ke samthar hae, southwest ke foothills ke chhorr ke jon 322 m (1,056 ft) se kmati uunchaa hae. Samundar se niche waala ilaaka jaada kar ke reclaimed jamiin hae. 16th century se drainage system, diles, canals aur pumping station banaawa jaae hae.

Des ke jaada hissa uu jagha pe banaa hae jahaan pe tiin barraa Europe ke naddi, Rhine, Meuse aur Scheldt samundar se mile hae. Netherlans ke south-western hissa ii tiin naddi ke delta hae. ^[4]

Rhine naddi, European Netherlands ke north aur south hissa me baate hae. Iske kaaran duuno hissa ke log ke bhaasa me kuchh khaas antar hae. Iske rakam des ke northeast me Rhine ke ek aur branch log ke dui linguistic group me divide kare hae.^[5]

Itihaas

800 BC se pahile

Netherlands 5500 BC me

Netherlands ke Bronze Age culture

Netherlands me 250,000 saal puraana, Neanderthal ke rahe ke sabuut milaa hae. ^[6] 13,000 se 10,000 BC ke biich me hian pe moto (spear) se reindeer ke maare waala log rahat rahin. 11,200 aur 9,500 ke biich me dhanus aur baan (bow and arrow) ke kaam me laae ke jaanwasr ke maara jaae rahaa. 8000 BC ke canoe bhi hian pe paawa gais hae.^[7]

5600 BC me hian ke sanskriti southern Scandinavia ke rakam rahaa, jisme naddi aur samundar ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa.^[8] 4,800 aur 4,500 BC ke biich me Netherlands ke paas ke log ke pottery culture aur jaanwar ke paale ke system ke apnae lagin. 4,300 aur 4,000 BC ke biich me kisaani suruu bhais rahaa.^[9] 4,300 aur 2,800 ke biich me hian pe grave monuments ke banaawa gais rahaa.

Baad ke "Bell Beaker Culture" (2,700 - 2,100 BC) ^[10] metal, jaise ke copper, sonaa aur baad me bronze ke kaam me laawat rahin aur duusre se trade karat rahin. Hian pe kuchh rare bronze chij paawa gais hae, ii imply kare hae ki ii jagha ek trading centre rahaa. "Bell Beaker Culture" locally develop bhais rahaa aur baad me "Barbed-Wire Culture" (2100 - 1800 BC) me hoe gais rahaa, aur iske baad "Elp culture" (1800 - 800 BC) me. ^[11]

Celts, Germanic tribes aur Romans (800 BC–410 AD)

800 BC ke baad loha ke jaada kaam me laawa jaae lagaa aur isse log ke living standard aur achchhaa hoe gais. Blacksmith ke kaam barr gais rahaa.

Scandinavia ke mausam kharaa hoe ke kaaran saait hian ke log 850 - 650 BC me aae ke Netherlands me bas gae rahin. Jab ii migration khalaas bhais tab (25oBC talak) ek nawaa bhasa aur cultur hian pe develop hoe gais rahaa. ^[12]^[13] North Sea Germanic log des ke north me rahin aur ii baad me develop hoe ke Saxon culture me develop bhais.

Ii time jaada log ke maut paani se bhais rahaa aur kamtii duusre admi ke haanth se. ^[14] 57 BC aur 53 BC ke biich me ii ilaaka Rome aapan niche kar liis. Julius Caeser hian ke Celtic tribe ke describe karis hae

Chapa ke gallery

William the silent
Dutch golden age ke time
Rotterdam 1940 me
National Park
Frisian gaiya
Binnenhof
Dom Tower
Dutch windmill
Hague

References

↑ Central Bureau of Statistics (2009). "Land – en tuinbouwcijfers" (PDF) (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands, Department of Publication and Information. p. 14. ISSN 1386-9566. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
↑ Schiermeier, Quirin (5 July 2010). "Few fishy facts found in climate report". Nature 466 (170): 170. doi:10.1038/466170a. PMID 20613812.
↑ "Milieurekeningen 2008" (PDF). Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
↑ de Haas, Tjalling; van der Valk, Lambertus; Cohen, Kim M.; Pierik, Harm Jan; Weisscher, Steven A. H.; Hijma, Marc P.; van der Spek, Ad J. F.; Kleinhans, Maarten G. (February 2019). "Long-term evolution of the Old Rhine estuary: Unravelling effects of changing boundary conditions and inherited landscape". The Depositional Record 5 (1): 84–108. doi:10.1002/dep2.56. ISSN 2055-4877. PMC 6743690. PMID 31543980.
↑ Welschen, Ad: Course Dutch Society and Culture, International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2000–2005.
↑ Roebroeks, Wil; Sier, Mark J.; Nielsen, Trine Kellberg; Loecker, Dimitri De; Parés, Josep Maria; Arps, Charles E. S.; Mücher, Herman J. (7 February 2012). "Use of red ochre by early Neandertals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (6): 1889–1894. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112261109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3277516. PMID 22308348.
↑ Van Zeist, W. (1957). "De steentijd van Nederland". Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 75: 4–11.
↑ Louwe Kooijmans, L.P., "Trijntje van de Betuweroute, Jachtkampen uit de Steentijd te Hardinxveld-Giessendam", 1998, Spiegel Historiael 33, pp. 423–428
↑ Volkskrant 24 August 2007 "Prehistoric agricultural field found in Swifterbant, 4300–4000 BC Archived 19 Saptambar 2009 at the Wayback Machine"
↑ Fokkens, Harry, ed. (2012). Background to beakers : inquiries in regional cultural backgrounds to the Bell Beaker complex. Leiden: Sidestone. p. 131. ISBN 978-90-8890-084-6.
↑ Fokkens, Harry. "The Periodisation of the Dutch Bronze Age: a Critical Review" (PDF). Open Access Leiden University. Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
↑ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, 22:641–642
↑ de Vries, Jan W., Roland Willemyns and Peter Burger, Het verhaal van een taal, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2003, pp. 12, 21–27
↑ Lendering, Jona. "The Edges of the Earth (3) – Livius". livius.org. Retrieved 28 February 2019.

[1] Central Bureau of Statistics (2009). "Land – en tuinbouwcijfers" (PDF) (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands, Department of Publication and Information. p. 14. ISSN 1386-9566. Retrieved 6 January 2018.

[:1-2] Schiermeier, Quirin (5 July 2010). "Few fishy facts found in climate report". Nature 466 (170): 170. doi:10.1038/466170a. PMID 20613812.

[milrek-3] "Milieurekeningen 2008" (PDF). Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010.

[4] Haas, Tjalling; van der Valk, Lambertus; Cohen, Kim M.; Pierik, Harm Jan; Weisscher, Steven A. H.; Hijma, Marc P.; van der Spek, Ad J. F.; Kleinhans, Maarten G. (February 2019). "Long-term evolution of the Old Rhine estuary: Unravelling effects of changing boundary conditions and inherited landscape". The Depositional Record 5 (1): 84–108. doi:10.1002/dep2.56. ISSN 2055-4877. PMC 6743690. PMID 31543980.

[international2000-5] Welschen, Ad: Course Dutch Society and Culture, International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2000–2005.

[6] Roebroeks, Wil; Sier, Mark J.; Nielsen, Trine Kellberg; Loecker, Dimitri De; Parés, Josep Maria; Arps, Charles E. S.; Mücher, Herman J. (7 February 2012). "Use of red ochre by early Neandertals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (6): 1889–1894. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112261109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3277516. PMID 22308348.

[7] Van Zeist, W. (1957). "De steentijd van Nederland". Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 75: 4–11.

[Kooijmans1998-8] Louwe Kooijmans, L.P., "Trijntje van de Betuweroute, Jachtkampen uit de Steentijd te Hardinxveld-Giessendam", 1998, Spiegel Historiael 33, pp. 423–428

[9] Volkskrant 24 August 2007 "Prehistoric agricultural field found in Swifterbant, 4300–4000 BC Archived 19 Saptambar 2009 at the Wayback Machine"

[10] Fokkens, Harry, ed. (2012). Background to beakers : inquiries in regional cultural backgrounds to the Bell Beaker complex. Leiden: Sidestone. p. 131. ISBN 978-90-8890-084-6.

[11] Fokkens, Harry. "The Periodisation of the Dutch Bronze Age: a Critical Review" (PDF). Open Access Leiden University. Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[12] The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, 22:641–642

[Verhaal-13] Vries, Jan W., Roland Willemyns and Peter Burger, Het verhaal van een taal, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2003, pp. 12, 21–27

[14] Lendering, Jona. "The Edges of the Earth (3) – Livius". livius.org. Retrieved 28 February 2019.

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