The Art of War

The Art of War
Author	Sun Tzu (traditional)
Language	Classical Chinese
Subject	Military art
Genre	Military strategy
Publication date	5th century BC
Publication place	China
Dewey Decimal	355.02
LC Class	U101 .S95
Translation	The Art of War at Wikisource

The Art of War ek puraana Chinese military treatise hae jon late Spring and Autumn period (roughly 5th century BC) ke hae. Iske puraana Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun") likhis hae, aur isme 13 chapters hae. Har ek chapter ek alag hunnar (skill) nai to kalaa (art) jon larrai se related hae aur ii duuno military strategy aur chaalbaaji (tactics) ke apply kare hae. Lagbhag 1,500 saal talak, ii sab se important text rahaa aur iske 1080 me Emperor Shenzong of Song iske formalise karis as Seven Military Classics. The Art of War ke abhi talak sab se jaada influence kare waala strategy ke buk hae^[1] aur isse duuno East Asian aur Western military theory aur soch pe asar bhais hae.

II book me 5th century BC Chinese military ke puura jaankaari aur chaan-biin (analysis) hae, hatyaar, mausam ke stithi aur strategy se lae ke pad (rank) aur chaal-chalan talak. Sun, larrai me intelligence ke jaruuri ke bhi stress karis hae. Uske, itihaas ke sab se achchhaa sena ke tactician aur strategist maana jaae hae aur uske sikchha aur strategies dunia bhar me advanced military parrhai ke aaadhar hae.

Ii book ke pahila dafe ek Europe ke bhasa me 1772 me anuwaad karaa gais rahaa, jab France ke Jesuit padhri, Jean Joseph Marie Amiot iske French bhasa me anuwaad karis rahaa. Ek British officer, Everard Ferguson Calthrop, 1905 me ise "THe Book of War" ke niche anuwaad kare ke kosis karis rahaa, lekin 1910 me Lionel Giles English anuwaad ke puura karis rahaa.^[2] Fauji aur rajnitik neta, jaise Chinese communist krantikari (revolutionary), Mao Zedong, Japanese Takeda Shingen, Vietnamese general Võ Nguyên Giáp, aur American generals Douglas MacArthur aur Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., sab log hae jon ii book se sikghhaa liin hae.^[3]

Itihaas

Buk aur commentaries

The Art of War , ke rwaaj ke anusaar ii biswas karaa jaae hae ki iske puraana Chinese military general, Sun Tzu (pinyin: Template:Tlit), meaning 'Master Sun', likhis hae. ii biswa karaa jaae hae ki Sun Tzu 6th century BC me jinda rahaa, lekin The Art of War ke pahila hissa, saait 100 saal baad ke hae.Template:Sfnp

Sima Qian ke Shiji, China ke Twenty-Four Histories me se pahila history, me likha hae ki Chinese sankriti ke anusaar sena ke baare me ke ek book ke Sun Wu (孫武) jon state of Qi ke rahaa, likhis rahaa aur ii text ke King Helü of Wu (r. 514–495 BC) parrhis aur study karis hae.Template:Sfnp Ii book ke traditionally Master Sun's Art of War bataawa jaae hae. Jaada kar ke ii biswas karaa jaae hae ki Sun Wu ek military theorist Spring and Autumn period (776–471 BC) jamaana ke rahaa jon Qi se bhaag ke southeastern state of Wu bhaag gais rahaa, jahaan pe uu jagha ke raja ke impress karis jab uu jaldi se officials, jisme court women bhi rahaa, ke military discipline me train karis rahaa, aur isse Wu ke sena etna taagatwar hoe gais rahaa ki uu rival state of Chu Wu ke west me ke challenge karis rahaa. Ii raae ke China me abhi talak biswas karaa jaae hae.Template:Sfnp

Strategist aur senapati, Cao Cao 3rd century AD me sab se puraana jaana jaae waala Art of War ke uppar commentary likhis rahaa.Template:Sfnp Cao ke preface me ii safaa bataawa jaae hae ki uu text ke badlis hae aur kuch passages ke hatais hae, lekin ketna badlao karaa gais rahaa clear nai hae.Template:Sfnp The Art of War China ke baare me itihaas ke bibliographical catalogs me bataawa jaae hae.Template:Sfnp

Authorship

Lagbhag 12th century se, ii baat ki Sun Tzu asli me rahaa ki nai ke baare me bahas China ke gyaani log me hoe lagaa, khaas kar ke ii kaaran se ki uske naam historical classic Zuo Zhuan me nai hae, jon Spring and Autumn period ke khaas log ke baare me batae hae.Template:Sfnp "Sun Wu" (孫武) ke naam Records of the Grand Historian se pahile ke koi book me nai hae ,Template:Sfnp aur ii socha jaae hae ki ii ek banaawa gais descriptive cognomen hae jiske matlab "the fugitive warrior" hae, jisme surname "Sun" ke term "fugitive" (xùn 遜) likha gais hae, jab "Wu" (wǔ 武) ek puraana China ke virtue "martial, valiant" aur ek Jianghuai Script error: No such module "Lang-zh". dialectal synonym hae "knight",^[4]^[5] which corresponds to Sunzi's role as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.Template:Sfnp 20th century ke suruu me, China ke lekhak aur samaaj sudharak Liang Qichao ii theory propose karis ki ii book asliyat me 4th century BC me Sun Tzu ke purported descendant Sun Bin likhis rahaa, kaaheki dher itihasik sources mention kare hae ek military treatise jiske uu likhis rahaa.Template:Sfnp Sun Wu ke rakam nai, Sun Bin ek aslii jan janaawe hae jon sena ke baare me jaanat rahaa, aur yahii historical figure "Sun Tzu" ke banaawa gais rahaa, through a form of euhemerism.Template:Sfnp

1972 me, Yinqueshan Han slips ke dui Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) tombs me city of Linyi, Shandong ke nagiich paawa gais rahaa.Template:Sfnp Dher bamboo slip ke lekh jon tomb me rahaa, uu lekh jiske 134 aur 118 BC ke biich me seal karaa gais rahaa, dui separate texts rahaa: ek jiske "Sun Tzu" likhis rahaa, aur duusra Sun Bin likhis rahaa, jon pahile ke The Art of War ke samjhaae hae aur barraa kare hae.Template:Sfnp Sun Bin ke text "Sun Tzu" ke text material ke overlap kare hae. Ii duuno saait "ek , continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sun name" hoe sake hae.^[6] Ii discovery ii dekhae hae ki jaada historical confusion ke kaaran ii hoe sake hae ki "Master Sun's Art of War" me dui text ke refer karaa jaae hae.Template:Sfnp Phile waala text ke content lagbhag one-third of the chapters of the modern The Art of War hae, aur ii duuno ke text ek duusre se mile hae.Template:Sfnp II abhi samjhaa jaae hae ki pahile waala The Art of War ke 500 aur 430 BC ke biich me complete karaa gais rahaa.Template:Sfnp

Cultural influence

Military and intelligence applications

Across East Asia, The Art of War was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.

Sengoku jamaana (c. 1467–1568) me, Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) ke baare me bola jaae hae ki uu lagbhag invincible hoe gais rahaa sab larrai me , binaa banduuk ke , kaaheki The Art of War ke study karis rahaa.^[7] Ii book se uske inspiration milaa rahaa uske mashuur battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), jiske matlab hae hawaa ke rakam jor, jangle ke rakam suunsaan, aagi ke rakam ferocious aur pahaarr ke rakam atal.

Translator Samuel B. Griffith ke ek chapter "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" pe jahaan The Art of War ke bataawa jaae hae ki ii Mao ke On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War aur Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War ke influence karis rahaa, aur isme Mao ke quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'" hae^[7]

Vietnam War ke time, kuchh Viet Cong officers  The Art of War ke khuub adyan kare rahin aur iske dher passages ke memorise bhi kare rahin. General Võ Nguyên Giáp safaltaa se   tactics jiske  The Art of War me descibe karaa gais hae ke Battle of Dien Bien Phu me implement karis rahaa, jiske kaaran  French involvement Indochina me khalaa hoe gais rahaa aur  Vietnam ke North aur South me partition karaa gais rahaa. General Giáp, jon khaas  PVA military commander Vietnam War me rahaa,  Sun Tzu ke ideas ke achchaa sudent aur practioner rahaa.^[8]

Ii article ek chhota panna hae. Aap iske lamba karke Wikipedia ke madat kare saktaa hae.

↑ Boorman, Scott (2024-02-15) (in en). Thinking Through Sun Tzu's Art of War: Analyzing Sun Tzu's Art of War, A Manual on Strategy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-47103-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=DcvPEAAAQBAJ&q=of+all+time+&pg=PR12.
↑ Giles, Lionel The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
↑ Hlavatý, Jozef; Ližbetin, Ján (2021). "The Use of the Art of War Ideas in the Strategic Decision-making of the Company". Transportation Research Procedia. 14th International scientific conference on sustainable, modern and safe transport 55: 1273–1280. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.110. ISSN 2352-1465.
↑ Liu An (original compiler), Xu Shen (annotator). Huainan Honglie (Annotated), "Survey Obscurities". Main text: 「夫死生同域，不可脅陵，勇武一人，為三軍雄。」; Major et al.'s (2010) translation: "One for whom death and life are the same territory, who cannot be threatened, such a single brave warrior is the hero of the Three Armies."; Siku Quanshu version. vols. 4-7, p. 96 of 160 Archived 15 Aprel 2023 at the Wayback Machine; Annotation: 「武士也；江淮間謂士曰武。」
↑ Liu An (2010) The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China. Translated and edited by John S. Major, Sarah A. Queen, Aandrew Seth Meyer, and Harold D. Roth. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 215
↑ Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. 18.
1 2 Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.
↑ McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003."Learning from Sun Tzu". Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2009.

[1] Boorman, Scott (2024-02-15) (in en). Thinking Through Sun Tzu's Art of War: Analyzing Sun Tzu's Art of War, A Manual on Strategy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-47103-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=DcvPEAAAQBAJ&q=of+all+time+&pg=PR12.

[Lionel_Giles_2007._p._62-2] Giles, Lionel The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.

[3] Hlavatý, Jozef; Ližbetin, Ján (2021). "The Use of the Art of War Ideas in the Strategic Decision-making of the Company". Transportation Research Procedia. 14th International scientific conference on sustainable, modern and safe transport 55: 1273–1280. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.110. ISSN 2352-1465.

[4] Liu An (original compiler), Xu Shen (annotator). Huainan Honglie (Annotated), "Survey Obscurities". Main text: 「夫死生同域，不可脅陵，勇武一人，為三軍雄。」; Major et al.'s (2010) translation: "One for whom death and life are the same territory, who cannot be threatened, such a single brave warrior is the hero of the Three Armies."; Siku Quanshu version. vols. 4-7, p. 96 of 160 Archived 15 Aprel 2023 at the Wayback Machine; Annotation: 「武士也；江淮間謂士曰武。」

[5] Liu An (2010) The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China. Translated and edited by John S. Major, Sarah A. Queen, Aandrew Seth Meyer, and Harold D. Roth. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 215

[6] Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. 18.

[Griffith_2007._p.150-7] 1 2 Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.

[findarticles.com-8] McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003."Learning from Sun Tzu". Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2009.

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