Rosa Luxemburg
| Rosa Luxemburg | |
|---|---|
 Rosa Luxemburg | |
| Janam | 5 March 1871 Poland |
| Maut | 15 January 1919 Germany |
| Citizenship | German citizen |
| Jaati | Polish |
| Citizen | German citizen |
Rosa Luxemburg (5 March 1871 - 15 January 1919) ek Polish me paeda bhaes German Marxist rahii. Uske janam ke naam Rosalia Luxenburg rahaa. Uske janam ek Jewish palwaar me bhaes rahaa. Uu aapan mai-baao ke 5th larrkan rahis. Uske pitaji ek lakrri ke traer rahaa. Uske naam Eliasz Luxemburg III rakkha gais. Uske maiya ke naam Line Löwenstein rahis. Uu Germany me socialist uprising ke organise karis rahaa aur uske fascists log maar diin rahaa.
Bachpan ke din (1871–1889)
[badlo | source ke badlo]Rozalia Luksenburg (uu baad me "Luxemburg" spelling ke adopt karis rahaa)[1] 5 March 1871 me Zamość, ek town Russian-controlled Congress Poland me paida bhais rahaa.[2] Uu sab larrkan me se paanchwa aur sab se chhoti rahii, ek moderately well-off, assimilated, secular Jewish palwaar me.[2] Uske pitaji, Elias (nai to Eduard) Luxemburg, ek timber merchant rahaa, jiske German sikchhaa rahaa aur jon Polish national movement ke samarthan karat rahaa.[2] Uske maiyaa, Lina Löwenstein, ek lambaa line of rabbis se descendent rahii.[3] Uske palwaar Haskalah, the Jewish enlightenment movement ke values se comitted rahaa, aur progressive European culture ke apnais rahaa.[2] Uske palwaar Yahudi jindagi ke chhorr de rahin; uulog ghare Polish aur German me baat karat rahin, aur Rosa, aapan chaar bhaiyaa-bahini ke rakam secular education receive karis rahaa.[2] Uske aapan Yahudi identity se ek complex relationship rahaa ; jab uske aapan heritage pe ghamand rahaa, uu koi bhi specific Jewish political cause ke reject karat rahii, ii batae ke ki Yahudi log ke suffering aur duusra jan ke oppression by European Imperialism ke mukable me jaada nai rahaa. [2] Uu baad me batae rahii ki : "I have no special corner of my heart for the [Jewish] ghetto. I feel at home in the entire world wherever there are clouds and birds and human tears."[2] Ii rakam se, Jewish socialist Bund ke usse koi sambandh nai rahaa, aur uske concerns consistently transcended nationality.[4]
1873 me, uske palwaar Warsaw move hoe gais rahaa aur achchhaa business opportunities ke khoj me, aur achchhaa sikchaa uulog ke larrkan ke khaatir, aur ever-present anti-Jewish sentiment aur Orthodox-Hasidic dominance, Zamość me, se duur bhaage ke khaatir.[2] Paanch saal ke uma rme , Luxemburg ke ek hip disease ke bemaari hoe gais rahaa, saait congenital hip dislocation.Iske misdiagnose karaa gais rahaa as tuberculosis aur iske kaaran uu saal bhar ek cast me rahii , jon time uu apne ke parrhe likhe sikhais rahaa.[5] Ii bemaari ke kaaran uske ek permanent limp rahaa, ek condition jiske gahira asar uspe rahaa aur jiske khaatir uu aapan maiyaa-bappa pe dos lagawat rahii ki kaaheke pahile uske bemaari ke asli kaaran ke paawa gais rahaa. [2]
1880 me uu, Second Girls' High School, Warsaw me bharti bhae rahii.[6] Yahudi larrkan ke bharti karna ek quota ke niche rahaa, ek humiliation jiske kaaran uu aur jaada outsider feel karat rahii. [6] Ii school Russification ke ek aujaar rahaa, jahaan pe Polish bhasa me baat kare ke manahi rahaa.[7] 1881 Warsaw pogrom, jiske uske palwaar experience karis rahaa, ke kaaran uu sab time ke khaatir mob violence se daraawat rahii.[8] Ii frightening reality ke kaaran uu, uske refug mila rahaa kavita aur Polish Romantic Adam Mickiewicz, jon rebellion ke appeal karat rahaa aur universal freedom ke sapna dekhat rahaa, uske khaatir ek inspiration ban gais rahaa.[9] ii time, jab uu aapan teens me rahii, Luxemburg clandestine student circles associated with the revolutionary Proletariat party me involve hoe gae rahii.[2] Ii pahila Polish socialist party rahaa, jiske 1882 me Ludwik Waryński suruu karis rahaa.[10] Ii partyinter nationalist rahaa outlook me, jon economic struggle of the working class and opposing "romantic" ideas such as national liberation, which it believed would deflect or compromise class consciousness, ke prioritise karat rahaa.[2] Uske parrhai ke aakhri saal talak, Luxemburg ke authorities jaane lege rahin as politically active aur rebellious student, aur uske gold medal for academic achievement which her scholastic merits had earned, ke deny kar dewa gais rahaa.[11]
1887 me, graduate hoe ke baad, uu revolutionary activities me hissa le rahii.[12] Uu "Second Proletariat" ke ek cell ke member rahii, original party ke ek successor group, jon arrest ke kaaran dher tukrraa me hoe gais rahaa mid-1880s me.[2] 1889 me, arrest ke dar ke kaaran, uske Poland se baahar smuglle kar dewa gais rahaa uske mentor, Marcin Kasprzak ke madat se.[13] Ek account ke anusaar, uske ek kisan ke cart me straw ke niche lukae ke border paar karaa gais rahaa by a Catholic priest, jiske bataawa gais rahaa ki uu ek Yahudi larrki rahii jon bhaagat rahii baptize hoe ke khaatir.[2]
Zurich aur suruu ke political kaam (1889–1898)
[badlo | source ke badlo]Luxemburg, Zurich, 1889 ke suruu me pahunchis rahaa.[14] Uu time, Switzerland Russian aur Polish revolutionary Marxism in exile ke khaas jagha rahaa.[15] 1890 me, uu University of Zurich me bharti bhae rahii, jahan pe aurat log ke admii log ke rakam ke adhikaar rahaa.[13] Suruu me uu natural sciences aur mathematics ke adhyan kare rahii, lekin 1892 me uu faculty of law me switch kar le rahii, jahaan pe uu public law aur political economy ke Professor Julius Wolf ke niche parrhe rahii.[2] Wolf baad me maanis ki "uu hamaar lage Poland se aae rahiiaur pahile se kattar Marxist rahii".[16]
Autumn 1890 ke suruu me, uu Leo Jogiches ke milis, jon ek jaana-maana revolutionary Vilna se rahaa, jon kuchh din pahile Russian Empire se bhaage rahii.[2] uu log pyaar me hoe gain aur 1891 ke summer me premi ban gain, jon ek pandrah saal ke tumultuous sambandh ke suruu rahaa, jiske uu saadi bolat rahii, uu aapan chitthi me uske aapan admi bolat rahii. [2] Jogiches uske personal aur political jindagi me sab se khaas jan ban gias rahaa. Uulog ke sambandh ek complex fusion of personal intimacy aur political collaboration rahaa, jisme duuno deep affection aur intense intellectual conflict rahaa.[2] Jogiches uulog ke kaam ke khaatir paisa se support karat rahaa, jab Luxemburg ii partnership ke public voice aur theorist ban gae rahii.[17] Jogiches absolute secrecy uulog ke sambandh ke insist karat rahaa, jisse Luxemburg alternately rebelled against aur accept karis.[18]
Uulog ke aae ke kuchh din baad, Jogiches aur Luxemburg conflict me bhain established leadership of Russian Marxism se, jon Georgi Plekhanov, Geneva me centred rahaa. Jogiches ek publishing partnership with Plekhanov ke propose karis rahaa jiske sidhe rejected kar dewa gais rahaa.[19] Ii larrai ke kaaran, duuno ke main Russian socialist movement se duur kar diis rahaa aur uulog ke kaam jaada kar ke Polish affairs ke bagal jaawe lagaaa rahaa.[20] Uulog Polish students ke ek chhotaa group ke batorin, jisme Julian Marchlewski aur Adolf Warszawski rahaa.[21] 1893 me, ii group ek nawaa party, Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP) ke banae rahin, jon recently unified Polish Socialist Party (PPS) ke virodhi rahaa.[2] SDKP ke programme, jiske jaada kar ke Luxemburg banae rahii, reject karis rahaa PPSmke central demand for Polish independence. Iske jagha, ii argue rahaa close collaboration with Russian socialists ek revolution Russian Empire, within which Poland would have territorial autonomy, ke achieve kare ke khaatir.[2]
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ Ettinger 1995, p. 42.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 [[#CITEREF|]].
- ↑ Ettinger 1995, p. 5.
- ↑ Bronner 1981, p. 21.
- ↑ Ettinger 1995, p. 10.
- 1 2 Ettinger 1995, p. 11.
- ↑ Nettl 1966a, p. 56.
- ↑ Ettinger 1995, p. 14.
- ↑ Ettinger 1995, p. 16.
- ↑ Bronner 1981, p. 22.
- ↑ Nettl 1966a, p. 57.
- ↑ Ettinger 1995, p. 26.
- 1 2 Hudis & Anderson 2004, p. 9.
- ↑ Ettinger 1995, p. 41.
- ↑ Nettl 1966a, p. 65.
- ↑ Mills 2020, p. 23.
- ↑ Nettl 1966a, pp. 37, 82.
- ↑ Ettinger 1995, p. 55.
- ↑ Nettl 1966a, p. 67.
- ↑ Nettl 1966a, p. 69.
- ↑ Nettl 1966a, p. 78.