Rajniti
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Rajniti uu chuj hai jisme log gut me hoe ke faisla kare hai. Social science ke uu branch jisme rajniti aur sarkar ke adhyan kara jaae hai, ke political science bola jaae hai.
Rajniti kabhi-kabhi sidha matlab me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hai, jaise “political solution”, jiske matlab sanjhauta kar ke samadhan paana hai, ii fir easy rakam se “sarkar ke kalaa nai to vigyan” ke roop me samjha jaae hai. Lekin ii sabd ke kharaabe matlab bhi leke kaam me laawa jaawe hae.
Ii bichaar ke alag-alag rakam se define karaa gais hai, aur alag approach ke log ke soch bhi alag hai ki iske bahut chaurraa tareeka se kaam me laae ke chaahi nai to thorraa limited tareeka se, practical (empirical) roop me ii niyam aur values (normative) ke roop me[1], aur ii baat pe bhi ki conflict jaaada important hai ya cooperation politics me zaada jaruri hai.
Naam
[badlo | source ke badlo]Rajniti sabd, dui sabd raaj aur niti se banaa hae. Raaj ke matlab saashan karnaa aur niti ke matlab right time aur jagha pe right kaam karnaa. Yaani ki niti se raaj karnaa.
Definitions
[badlo | source ke badlo]- Harold Lasswell: "kiske konchi mile hae, kab aur kaise"[2]
- David Easton: "ek samaj ke values ke achchhaa se baatna"[3]
- Vladimir Lenin: "artsastr ke ek jagha se chalaana"[4]
- Otto von Bismarck: "sab time, badalatee sthiti mei, sabase kamti nukasaan kare waala, sabase upayog chij ke ko chune ke kshamata"[5]
- Bernard Crick: "sarkar ke chalae ke ek khaas tareeka jisme log matabhed ke sulajhaawe ke khaatir milake kaam kare hain"[6]
- Adrian Leftwich: "isame samaaj ke bhittar aur uske beech me sahayog, baatacheet aur sangharsh kee sab gatividhiyaan shaamil hain"[7]
Itihaas
[badlo | source ke badlo]Puraana itihaas
[badlo | source ke badlo]Suruu ke insaan ke rahan-sahan me koi centralized political structure nai rahaa.[8] Iske kabhi-kabhi "bina des ke samaj" bola jaawe hae.
Puraana des
[badlo | source ke badlo]Puraana itihaas me, des ke koi siimaa nai rahaa. Puraana Sumer aur Egypt pahila civilization rahaa jon siimaa ke define karis rahaa. 12th century talak, dher log bina des ke samaj me rahat rahin. Ii sab chhotaa-chhotaa gut se tribe aur chiefdom talak rahaa.
Des ke bananaa
[badlo | source ke badlo]Puraana des kaise banaa rahaa ke baare me dher theory aur hypothesis hae aur gyaani log ii sanjhaae ke kosis kare hae ki kaahe kuchh samaj me des banaa aur duusra me nai. Duusra gyaani log ii bole hae ki generalizations helpful nai hae aur har ek case ke alag-alag se dekhe ke chaahi.[9]
Voluntary theories ii batae hae ki dher gut ke log saathe hoe ke ek des ke bana e hae kaaheki ek koi chij hae jon uu sab log maange hae.[10] Ii sab theory jaada kar ke kheti, aur abaadi aur organizational pressure jon aae hae ek des ke bane ke baad. Ek khaas theory jon pahila state ke bane ke baare me hae hydraulic hypothesis hae, jon ii bole hae ki des banaa hae kaaheki baraa-barraa irrigation project ke jaruri rahaa.[11]
Des ke bane ke Conflict theories aur ek samaj ke duusra samaj pe raaj kare ke baare me hae.[10] Voluntary theories se alag, ii sab arguments me ii biswas karaa jaawe hae ki log jaan ke des nai banae hae , lekin des bane hae jab ek group ke log suure ke dabae ke uske uppar raaj kare hae. Koi-koi theory ii bahas kare hae ki des ke bane me larrai ke jaruri rahaa. [10]
Puraana itihaas
[badlo | source ke badlo]Pahila des puraana Sumer aur Agypt ke rahin, jon lagbhag 3000 BC me suruu bhais rahaa.[12] Pahila dynastic Nile Naddi ke lage based rahaa north-east Africa me, jon kingdom ke siimaa Nile ke kinaare rahaa aur duusra jagha jahaan pe oasis rahaa.[13] Early dynastic Sumer was located in southern Mesopotamia, with its borders extending from the Persian Gulf to parts of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.[12]
Egyptians, Romans, aur Greeks pahila log rahin jon des ke philosophy ke baare me soche rahin. Isse pahile des, dharam pe based rahaa.[14]
Des ke aur achchhaa karaa gais rahaa puraana Greece aur Rome me. Greece ke city-states, 4th century se pahile citizenship free log ke dewat rahin.[15]
Aur Dekho
[badlo | source ke badlo]References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ "Is there a difference beteeen political philosophy and political science?". Big Think (in English). Retrieved 2026-03-16.
- ↑ (Lasswell 1963).
- ↑ (Easton 1981).
- ↑ (Lenin 1965).
- ↑ Reichstag speech by Bismarck, January 29, 1886, in: Bismarck, The Collected Works. Friedrichsruher edition, vol. 13: Speeches. Edited by Wilhelm Schüßler, Berlin 1930, p. 177.
- ↑ (Crick 1972).
- ↑ (Leftwich 2004, p. 103).
- ↑ Fukuyama, Francis (2012). The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-374-53322-9. OCLC 1082411117.
- ↑ Spencer, Charles S.; Redmond, Elsa M. (15 September 2004). "Primary State Formation in Mesoamerica". Annual Review of Anthropology 33 (1): 173–199. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143823. ISSN 0084-6570.
- 1 2 3 (Carneiro 1970, pp. 733–738).
- ↑ Origins of the state : the anthropology of political evolution. Philadelphia : Institute for the Study of Human Issues. 1978. p. 30. https://archive.org/details/originsofstatean0000unse.
- 1 2 (Daniel 2003, p. xiii).
- ↑ (Daniel 2003, pp. 9–11).
- ↑ (Nelson & Nelson 2006, p. 17).
- ↑ Kumar, Sanjay (2021) (in en). A Handbook of Political Geography. K.K. Publications. https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Greek+city-states+before+the+4th+century+granted+citizenship+rights+to+their+free+population%3B+in+Athens+these+rights+were+combined+with+a+directly+democratic+form+of+government+that+was+to+have+a+long+afterlife+in+political+thought+and+history.&pg=PA53. Retrieved 22 February 2023.