Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck
	Otto von Bismarck
	; Bismarck in 1890
	Chancellor of the German Empire
	In office; 21 March 1871 – 18 March 1890
Monarch	Wilhelm I; Friedrich III; Wilhelm II;
Deputy	Otto Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode; Karl Heinrich von Boetticher;
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Leo von Caprivi
Other offices held
	Federal Chancellor of the North German Confederation
	In office; 1 July 1867 – 21 March 1871
President	Wilhelm I
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Himself (as Chancellor of the German Empire)
	Minister President of Prussia
	In office; 9 November 1873 – 18 March 1890
Monarch	Wilhelm I; Friedrich III; Wilhelm II;
Preceded by	Albrecht von Roon
Succeeded by	Leo von Caprivi
	In office; 23 September 1862 – 1 January 1873
Monarch	Wilhelm I
Preceded by	Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
Succeeded by	Albrecht von Roon
	Minister of Foreign Affairs
	In office; 23 November 1862 – 18 March 1890
Prime Minister	Himself; Albrecht von Roon;
Preceded by	Albrecht von Bernstorff
Succeeded by	Leo von Caprivi
Janam	1 April 1815; Schönhausen, Altmark, Prussia
Maut	30 July 1898 (aged 83); Friedrichsruh, Germany
Political party	Independent
Spouse	Johanna von Puttkamer (m. 1847; d. 1894)
Children	3, including Herbert and Wilhelm
Alma mater	University of Göttingen; University of Berlin; University of Greifswald;
Kaam	Politician; diplomat; author; farmer; official;
Signature
	Military service
Allegiance	German Confederation; Kingdom of Prussia
Service/branch	Prussian Army
Years of service	1838–1839
Rank	Colonel General with the rank of Field Marshal
Battles/wars	Second Schleswig War; Austro-Prussian War (1866); Franco-Prussian War (1870)

Prince Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898) 19th century Europe ke ek sttaesman rahaa. 1862 se 1890 talak uu Prussia ke Prime Minister rahaa. 1871 me uu chhota chhota state ke ek kar ke German Empire banais rahaa, jiske uu pahila chancellor banaa.

Bismark ke monarchy se link rahaa aur uu democracy ke supporter nai rahaa.

Bachpan ke din

Bismarck ke janam 1815 me Schönhausen me bhais rahaa, ek amir palwaar ke estate Berlin ke west Prussian Saxony me. His father, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von Bismarck (1771–1845), ek Swabian-descendant jamindaar estate ke malik aur pahile ke Prussian military officer rahaa; uske maiyaa, Wilhelmine Luise Mencken (1789–1839), ek parrhi-likhi senior government official in Berlin ke larrki rahii, jiske palwaar me dher civil servants along aur academics rahaa. 1816 me, uske palwaar jaae ke uu log ke Pomeranian estate, Kniephof (abhi ke Konarzewo, Poland), northeast of Stettin (abhi ke Szczecin), uu time ke-Prussian province of Farther Pomerania me jaae ke rahe lage rahin. Hian pe, Bismarck aapan bachpan bitais ek bucolic setting me.^[1] Uulog ke lage dher jamiin rahe par bhi palwaar bahut dhani nai rahaa; Ferdinand ke kharaab agricultural skills ke kaaran uulog kamti paisa kamaawat rahin, aur Bismarck ke lage kuchh khaas paisa nai rahaa unification se pahile, kaaheki uske aapan pitaji se bahut-kuchh nai mila rahaa. ^[2]

Bismarck ke dui siblings rahaa: uske barraa bhaiyaa Bernhard (1810–1893) aur chhotaa bahini Malwine (1827–1908). Duusra log Bismarck ke ek typical backwoods Prussian jamindaar maanat rahin , ek image, jiske promote kare ke khaatir uu military uniforms pahinat rahaa. Uu English, French, Italian, Polish, and Russian.^[3]

Bismarck ke parrhai Johann Ernst Plamann ke elementary school,^[4] aur Friedrich-Wilhelm aur Graues Kloster secondary schools me bhais rahaa. 1832 se 1833 talak, uu University of Göttingen me wakiili parrhis rahaa, jahaan pe uu Corps Hannovera ke member rahaa, aur fir 1833 se 1835 talak University of Berlin me bharti rahaa. 1838 me, jab uu Greifswald me stationed rahaa as an army reservist, uu University of Greifswald me agriculture ke adhyan karis rahaa.^[5] Göttingen me, Bismarck, American student John Lothrop Motley ke friend banaa rahaa. Motley, jon baad me ek eminent historian aur diplomat banaa rahaa. Jab uu Bismarck ke nagiich rahaa, tab uu 1839 me ek novel, Morton's Hope, or the Memoirs of a Provincial rahaa, jon ek German university ke jindagi ke baare me rahaa. Ii book me uu Bismark ke reckless aur dashing eccentric batais rahaa, lekin ek extremely gifted aur charming jawaan admii bhi.^[6]

Jab ki Bismarck ek diplomat bane maangat rahaa, uu aapan wakiil ke practical training ke Aachen aur Potsdam me suruu karis rahaa, lekin kuchh din baad English girls ke pichchhe parr ke: pahila rahii Laura Russell, Duke of Cleveland ke niece, aur fir Isabella Loraine-Smith, jon ek dhani clergyman ke larrki rahii. 1838 me, Bismarck ek chhotaa karaa gais compulsory military service ke Prussian Army me suruu karis rahaa; jahaan pe uu ek saal talak volunteer karis rahaa aur iske baad ek officer i Landwehr (reserve) me ban gais rahaa. Baad me uu family estates Schönhausen me laut gais uske maiyaa ke maut ke baad, jab uu mid-twenties me rahaa.

30 saal ke umar me, Bismarck Marie von Thadden-Trieglaff ke saathe gahira dosti suruu karis, jiske kuchh din pahile uske ek dost, Moritz von Blanckenburg ke saathe saadi bhais rahaa. Uske maut ke ek mahina baad, Bismarck chittti likh ke Marie ke cousin,noblewoman Johanna von Puttkamer (1824–1894) ke saadi ke propose karis rahaa;^[7] uu log ke saadi Alt-Kolziglow (modern Kołczygłowy) me 28 July 1847 bhais rahaa. Uu log ke saadi se tiin larrkan bhais rahaa: Marie (b. 1847), Herbert (b. 1849), aur Wilhelm (b. 1852).

Suruu ke rajnitik kaam

Jawaan rajnitik

1847 me, Bismarck, 32 saal ke umar me, ke nawaa banaawa gais Prussian legislature me ek representative chuna gais rahaa, Vereinigter Landtag. Huan pe uu aapan reputation banais as a royalist aur reactionary rajnitik aur uske stinging rhetoric ke gift rahaa; uu khule aam monarchy ke supprt karis ki uulog ke raaj kare ke bhagwaan ke den hae. Dui bhaiyaa log, Ernst Ludwig aur Leopold von Gerlach, Pietist Lutherans jiske ultra-conservative faction ke "Kreuzzeitung" ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa— uulog ke newspaper, Neue Preußische Zeitung ke baad, ii kaaran se ki Iron Cross uske cover me rahaa.^[8]^[9]

Bismarck 1847 me, jab uu 32 saal ke rahaa

References

↑ George Hesekiel: Das Buch vom Fürsten Bismarck. Bielefeld und Leipzig 1873, p. 55. Archived 7 Maach 2021 at the Wayback Machine
↑ "Otto von Bismarck". Britannica (in English). 26 July 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
↑ Lowe, Charles (2005). Prince Bismarck: An Historical Biography With Two Portraits. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 538–540. ISBN 978-1-4191-8003-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=gb_QDH2ACAgC&pg=PA538. Retrieved 1 July 2015. "French he speaks with the purity and fluency almost of a native, and the same may be said of his English. [...] Not so fluent is the Chancellor's Italian as his French, but yet he can read the journals of Rome. [...] Once, too, he boasted that he was 'about the only man in the Foreign Office who understands Russian'—a language which he [...] acquired during his residence at St. Petersburg. [...] And not only did he master Russian, but he also learned Polish to a degree enabling him to make himself understood."
↑ Field 1898, pp. 603–04.
↑ Steinberg 2011b, p. 51.
↑ Steinberg 2011a, pp. 39–41.
↑ Steinberg 2011a, p. 64.
↑ Steinberg 2011a, p. 93.
↑ Pflanze 1971, p. 56.

[1] George Hesekiel: Das Buch vom Fürsten Bismarck. Bielefeld und Leipzig 1873, p. 55. Archived 7 Maach 2021 at the Wayback Machine

[2] "Otto von Bismarck". Britannica (in English). 26 July 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-26.

[3] Lowe, Charles (2005). Prince Bismarck: An Historical Biography With Two Portraits. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 538–540. ISBN 978-1-4191-8003-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=gb_QDH2ACAgC&pg=PA538. Retrieved 1 July 2015. "French he speaks with the purity and fluency almost of a native, and the same may be said of his English. [...] Not so fluent is the Chancellor's Italian as his French, but yet he can read the journals of Rome. [...] Once, too, he boasted that he was 'about the only man in the Foreign Office who understands Russian'—a language which he [...] acquired during his residence at St. Petersburg. [...] And not only did he master Russian, but he also learned Polish to a degree enabling him to make himself understood."

[FOOTNOTEField1898603–04-4] Field 1898, pp. 603–04.

[FOOTNOTESteinberg2011b[https://books.google.com/books?id=HAppAgAAQBAJ&q=Bismarck+studied+Agriculture+in+Greifswald+in+1838.&pg=PA51_51]-5] Steinberg 2011b, p. 51.

[FOOTNOTESteinberg2011a39–41-6] Steinberg 2011a, pp. 39–41.

[FOOTNOTESteinberg2011a64-7] Steinberg 2011a, p. 64.

[FOOTNOTESteinberg2011a93-8] Steinberg 2011a, p. 93.

[FOOTNOTEPflanze197156-9] Pflanze 1971, p. 56.

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