Ming Dynasty

Míng Dynasty, jiske sarkari naam Great Ming rahaa, 1368 se 1644 talak China pe raj karis. Ii dynasty Yuan dynasty ke baad rahaa. Ming dynasty akri dynasty rahaa jisme Han Chinese log raj kare rahin. Jab ki ii dynasty ke capital, Beijing, ek rebellion me haar dewa gais, fir bhi Ming palwaar ke dher chotaa chotaa raj bachaa rahaa, 1662 talak khaas kar ke south China me.^[1]

Ming dynasty ke suruu kare waala Emperor Hongwu (1368 - 1398) rahaa, jon ii rakam ke raj banae ke kosis karis jisme uske puura contro rahe aur jisme se uske barra army banae sake. ii time ke army 1 million se jaada rahaa aur uske navy dunia ke sab se barraa rahaa aur Nanjing me based rahaa. You court ke enuch log ke taagat kamti kare ke bhi kosis karis rahaa.^[2]

1402 me uske jawaan sucessor ek upadrao karis aur emporer ban gais . Uske naam Yongle emporer rahaa. Uu Yan ke duusra capital banais aur iske naam ke badal ke Beijing rakkhis, Forbidden City ke banais, Grand Canal ke repair karis aur sarkaris kaam khaatir exams kre suruu karis.^[3] Uske time China ke navy ssat dafe Indian Ocean, Arabia aur Africa ke east coadt me voyage karis rahaa.

Ii time China me dher factions hoe hay rahin aur 1449 me jab Emporer Yingzong ke capture kar lewa gais tab central rule khalaa hoe gais. Iske baad navy khalaas hoe gais aur Great Wall ke repair kare ke khaatir forced labour ke kaam me laawa gais rahaa. ii time China me census lewa gais rahaa aur ii anumaan lagaawa jaae hae ki late Ming period me hian ke abaadi 160 - 200 million rahaa.^[4]

16th century me Europe se trade barrhaa aur dher rakam ke nawaa paudha ke China me introduce karaa gais jaise ki mirchaa, aalu, aur makai. Isse China ke abaadi aur jor se barrhaa. Ii time South America se Silver bhi introduce karaa gais jon ki hian ke currency hoe gais. Ii dynasty 1644 me callapse bhais jab Li Zicheng ke rebel army Beijing me ghusis. Li Shun dynasty ke suruu karis, lekin ii kuchh saal baad Qing dynasty se aapan taagat ke khoe diis.^[5]

Ming dynasty ke maharaja (1368–1644)

Maharaja (birth–death)	Naam	Raj	Yug ke naam	Mare ke baad ke naam	Mandir ke naam
Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398)	Zhu Yuanzhang	23 January 1368 – 24 June 1398	Hongwu 23 January 1368 – 5 February 1399	Emperor Gao	Taizu
Jianwen Emperor (5 December 1377 – 13 July 1402)	Zhu Yunwen	30 June 1398 – 13 July 1402	Jianwen 6 February 1399 – 13 July 1402	Emperor Hui	Mandir ke naam, Huizong ke Jianwen Emperor ke dewa gais rahaa, uske raaj ke baut din baad. 1644 me ii de waala rahaa Zhu Yousong, jon Fu ke rajkumar rahaa
Yongle Emperor (2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424)	Zhu Di	17 July 1402 – 12 August 1424	Yongle 23 January 1403 – 19 January 1425	Emperor Wen	Chengzu
Hongxi Emperor Script error: No such module "Lang-zh". (16 August 1378 – 29 May 1425)	Zhu Gaochi	12 August 1424 – 29 May 1425	Hongxi 20 January 1425 – 7 February 1426	Emperor Zhao	Renzong
Xuande Emperor (16 March 1399 – 31 January 1435)	Zhu Zhanji	29 May 1425 – 31 January 1435	Xuande 8 February 1426 – 17 January 1436	Emperor Zhang	Xuanzong
Emperor Yingzong (29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464)	Zhu Qizhen	31 January 1435 – 22 September 1449	Zhengtong 18 January 1436 – 13 January 1450	Emperor Rui	Yingzong
Emperor Yingzong (29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464)	Zhu Qizhen	11 February 1457 – 23 February 1464	Tianshun	Emperor Rui	Yingzong
Jingtai Emperor (21 September 1428 – 14 March 1457)	Zhu Qiyu	22 September 1449 – 11 February 1457	Jingtai 14 January 1450 – 11 February 1457	Emperor Jing	Daizong
Chenghua Emperor (9 December 1447 – 9 September 1487)	Zhu Jianru	23 February 1464 – 9 September 1487	Chenghua 27 January 1465 – 13 January 1488	Emperor Chun	Xianzong
Hongzhi Emperor (30 July 1470 – 8 June 1505)	Zhu Youcheng	9 September 1487 – 8 June 1505	Hongzhi 14 January 1488 – 23 January 1506	Emperor Jing	Xiaozong
Zhengde Emperor (26 October 1491 – 20 April 1521)	Zhu Houzhao	8 June 1505 – 20 April 1521	Zhengde 27 January 1522 – 27 January 1522	Emperor Yi	Wuzong
Jiajing Emperor (16 September 1507 – 23 January 1567)	Zhu Houcong	27 May 1521 – 23 January 1567	Jiajing 28 January 1522 – 8 February 1567	Emperor Su	Shizong
Longqing Emperor (4 March 1537 – 5 July 1572)	Zhu Zaiji	23 January 1567 – 5 July 1572	Longqing 9 February 1567 – 1 February 1573	Emperor Zhuang	Muzong
Wanli Emperor (4 September 1563 – 18 August 1620)	Zhu Yijun	5 July 1572 – 18 August 1620	Wanli 2 February 1573 – 27 August 1620	Emperor Xian	Shenzong
Taichang Emperor (28 August 1582 – 26 September 1620)	Zhu Changluo	28 August – 26 September 1620	Taichang Script error: No such module "Lang-zh". 28 August 1620 – 21 January 1621	Emperor Zhen	Guangzong
Tianqi Emperor (23 December 1605 – 30 September 1627)	Zhu Youjiao	26 September 1620 – 30 September 1627	Tianqi 22 January 1621 – 4 February 1628	Emperor Zhe	Xizong
Chongzhen Emperor (6 February 1611 – 25 April 1644)	Zhu Youjian	2 October 1627 – 25 April 1644	Chongzhen 5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644	Emperor Min	Sizong

Ming dynasty ke painting

Patti ke chaapa jisme fuul, titli aur patthar ke sculpture dekhae hae
Ek painting Dai Jin se jon Zhe school of painting ke suruu karis rahaa
Tan Yin (1523) ke painting ek machhua ke autmn me dekhae hae
Bian Wenjin (1413) ke chirriya ke painting
Chirriya beche waala ke painting (15th-16th century)
Peach Festival ke painting (17th century)

Peach Festival ke painting (17th century)
Sesshu ke Autmn lanscape painting Japan ke unfluence ke dekhae hae

↑ Dennerline, Jerry P. (1985). "The Southern Ming, 1644–1662. By Lynn A. Struve". The Journal of Asian Studies 44 (4): 824–825. doi:10.2307/2056469.
↑ * Chen, Gilbert (2 July 2016). "Castration and Connection: Kinship Organization among Ming Eunuchs". Ming Studies 2016 (74): 27–47. doi:10.1080/0147037X.2016.1179552.
↑ Elman, Benjamin A. (1991). "Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China". The Journal of Asian Studies 50 (1): 7–28. doi:10.2307/2057472. OCLC 2057472. https://www.princeton.edu/~elman/documents/Civil_Service_Examinations.pdf.
↑ Elman, Benjamin A. (2000). A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92147-4.
↑ Hucker, Charles O. (1958), "Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 21: 1–66, doi:10.2307/2718619, JSTOR 2718619.

[1] Dennerline, Jerry P. (1985). "The Southern Ming, 1644–1662. By Lynn A. Struve". The Journal of Asian Studies 44 (4): 824–825. doi:10.2307/2056469.

[2] * Chen, Gilbert (2 July 2016). "Castration and Connection: Kinship Organization among Ming Eunuchs". Ming Studies 2016 (74): 27–47. doi:10.1080/0147037X.2016.1179552.

[3] Elman, Benjamin A. (1991). "Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China". The Journal of Asian Studies 50 (1): 7–28. doi:10.2307/2057472. OCLC 2057472. https://www.princeton.edu/~elman/documents/Civil_Service_Examinations.pdf.

[4] Elman, Benjamin A. (2000). A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92147-4.

[5] Hucker, Charles O. (1958), "Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 21: 1–66, doi:10.2307/2718619, JSTOR 2718619.

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