Madhmakkhi
| Bees | |
|---|---|
| |
| A honey bee | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Superfamily: | Apoidea |
| Family: | Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae Megachilidae Melittidae Stenotritidae |
Madhmakkhi urre waala kirwaa hae jon monophyletic clade Anthophila ke bane hae superfamily Apoidea, order Hymenoptera ke,[1] aur jisme 20,000 jaana gais species saath jaana jaawe waala families me hae.[2][3] Kuchh species – jisme honey bees, bumblebees, aur stingless bees hae – social insects hae jon ek jaada hierarchical colonies me rahe hae, jab dher species (>90%) – jisme mason bees, carpenter bees, leafcutter bees, aur sweat bees hae – solitary hae. Sab se jaada jaane waala genus, Apis (i.e. honey bees), ke baare me ii jaana jaawe hae ki ii hexagonally celled waxy nests called hives ke banae hae.
Jab madhmakkhi ke nagiich ke palwaar barre aur chuunti, carnivorous/omnivorous hae, madhmakkhi herbivores hae jon khaali nectar (nectarivory) aur pollen (palynivory) khaawe hae, nector se carbohydrate jon metabolic energy ke source hae, aur pollen protein ke khaatir aur duusra nutrients aapan larvae ke khaatir. Madhmakkhi ke dunia ke sab continent me, Antarctica ke chhorr ke paawa jaawe hae, aur ii dunia ke sab jagha hae jahaan pe paudha jisme insect-pollinated flowering plants hae. Northern Hemisphere ke sab se jaada bee Halictidae, nai to sweat madmakkhi hae, lekin ii chhotaa hae aur iske barre aur makkhi se mistake karaa jaawe hae. Madmakki ke size chhotaa stingless madmakkhi ke species, jiske majuur 2 millimeters (0.08 in) lambaa se kamti rahe hae,[4] se lae ke leafcutter madmakkhi Megachile pluto talak, jon sab se barraa madmakkhi ke species hae, jiske females ke lambaai 39 millimeters (1.54 in) talak rahe hae. Madmakkhi ke khaae waala jaanwar me primates aur chirriya jaise bee-eaters ; insect predators jaise beewolves aur dragonflies hae.
Madmakkhi ke insaan uske ecological roles pollinator ke ruup me aur, sab se jaada jaane waala species ke case me , the western honey bee, madh banae ke khaatir, ek regurgitated aur dehydrated viscous mixture jon thorra digested monosaccharide ke madhmakkhi colony ke khaatir khaana ke godaam ke ruup me hae. Pollination management madhmakkhi ke kaam me laae ke important hae duuno ecologically aur agriculturally, au janglee madhmakkhi ke abaadi kamti hoe ke kaaran domesticated pollination by commercially managed hives of madhmakkhi ke demand barr gais hae. 1980 se 2013 talak 353 janglii madhmakkhi ke analysis me paawa gais hae ki ek chauthaai species extinct hoe gais hae. [5] Insaan se beekeeping nai to apiculture (meliponiculture for stingless bees) ke hajaaro saal se karaa jaawe hae , kamti se kamti Ancient Egypt aur Ancient Greece me. Madhmakkhi mythology aur folklore me bhi aais hae.
- ↑ Engel, M. S. (2005) Family-group names for bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). American Museum Novitates 3476.
- ↑ Danforth, B. N.; Sipes, S.; Fang, J.; Brady, S. G. (October 2006). "The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology". PNAS 103 (41): 15118–15123. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604033103. PMC 1586180. PMID 17015826.
- ↑ Almeida, Eduardo A.B.; Bossert, Silas; Danforth, Bryan N.; Porto, Diego S.; Freitas, Felipe V. et al. (2023). "The evolutionary history of bees in time and space". Current Biology 33 (16): 3409–3422.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.005. PMID 37506702.
- ↑ Grüter, Christoph (2020). Stingless Bees: Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7. ISBN 978-3-030-60089-1. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-60090-7#toc.
- ↑ "Widespread losses of pollinating insects revealed across Britain", 26 March 2019.