Louis XIV of France
| Louis XIV | |
|---|---|
 Louis the Great of France | |
| Janam | 5 September 1638 France |
| Maut | 1 September 1715 (aged 76) Versailles, France |
| Pahile waala | Louis XIII |
| Baad waala | Louis XV |
Louis XIV, jiske The Sun King ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, (5 September 1638–1 September 1715) France ke Raja rahaa 14 May 1643 se uske maut talak. Uu 72 saal talak raja rahaa, jon ki Europe ke raja khatir sab se lamba hae.
Early Life and Reign
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Louis ke mai baap rahin Louis XIII aur Anne of Austria. Uske janam uske mai=baap ke saadi ke 22 saal baad bhaes. Uske Louis Dieudonné (literally, “gift of God”) christian karaa gais rahaa. 1643 me, uske 5th birthday se pahile uske pitaji ke maut hae gais aur uu raja banaa lekin, kahe ki uu etna chhota rahaa , uske maiya raj ke sambhale ke suruu karis.
Bachpan ke din
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Louis XIV ke janam 5 September 1638 me Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji Louis XIII aur maiyaa Anne of Austria rahii. Uske dewa gais naam rahaa, Louis Dieudonné (Louis the God-given)[1] aur uske France ke traditional title jon heirs apparent ke dewa jaawat rahaa: Dauphin.[2] Uske janam ke time, uske maiyaa-bappa 23 saal talak saadi kare rahin. Uske maiyaa ke chaar stillbirth rahaa, 1619 aur 1631 ke biich me. Jaana-maana contemporaries ii kaaran se uske Bhagwan ke deen aur uske janam ke ek miracle maanat rahin. [3]
Louis ke relationship aapan maiyaa se jaada prem bharaa rahaa, jon uutime ke khaatir common nai rahaa. Uu time ke log aur aankhi se dekhe waala log, ii daawa karat rahin ki Raani aapan sab time Louis ke saathe rahii.[4] Duuno ke interest khaana aur theatre me rahaa. Ii dher din ke pyar bharaa ralationship ke dekha jaawe hae excerpts Louis journal se, jaise:
Nature was responsible for the first knots which tied me to my mother. But attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood.[5]
Uske maiyaa rahii jon Louis ke ii biswas karwais ki uske raaj absolute aur divine power me biswas karat rahin.[6]
Bachpan ke time, uske governesses Françoise de Lansac aur Marie-Catherine de Senecey dekhat rahin. 1646 me, Nicolas V de Villeroy jawan raja ke tutor banaa rahaa. Louis XIV Villeroy's ke chhotaa larrkan ke dost ban gais rahaa, khaas kar ke François de Villeroy, aur aapan time Palais-Royal aur bagal ke Hotel de Villeroy me bitaawat rahaa.
Accession
[badlo | source ke badlo]1643 ke spring me, jab King Louis XIII jaan gais ki uu mare waala hae, tab uu aapan affairs ke order me karis aapan chaar saal ke larrka, Louis XIV ke khaatir. Kaaheki uu aapan Spanish aurat, Queen Anne, ke judgement ke trust nai karat rahaa, jon normally France ke regent ban jaati. Ii kaaran se raja ii decree karis ki ek regency council uske larrka ke khaatir raaj kari, jiske agua Anne rahii.[7]
Louis XIII 14 May 1643 me mar gais rahaa. On 18 May me [8] Queen Anne aapan admii ke will annull karwae dis rahaa, Parlement of Paris se, jon ek judicial body of nobles aur high-ranking clergy rahin,[9] aur Anne apne ekke regent rahii. Uu aapan admii ke ministers, Chavigny aur Bouthilier ke exile kar de rahii aur Count of Brienne ke aapan minister of foreign affairs banais.[10] Anne des ke religious policy ke aapan haanth me rakkis jab talak uske larrka 1661 ke taiyaar bhais rahaa.
Uu Cardinal Mazarin ke chief minister banais , jiske kaam rahaa daily administration of policy. Uu aapan admii ke policy ke jaari rakkis aur Cardinal Richelieu ke, ii uulog ke Anne ke persecution ke bawajuut, France me absolute authority jiite ke khaatir aur uske larrka ke des se bahaar jiit ke khaatir. Anne, Mazarin ke bachais aapan followers the Duke of Beaufort aur Marie de Rohan ke exile kar ke, jon uske virod me conspire kare rahin, 1643 me.[11]
Anne ke France ke loyality ke sab se achchhaa example hae uske Richelieu's ke ek admii ke treatment, Chancellor Pierre Séguier. Séguier bahut kharaab se Anne ke 1637 me interrogate karis rahaa (ek "sadhaaran chor" ke rakam, jaise uu yaad kare rahii) jab ii paawa gais rahaa ki uu military secrets ke aapan pitaji ke Spain me dewat rahii, aur Anne virtually under house arrest dher saal talak rahaa. Effective Séguier ke uske post pe rahe de ke, Anne sacrificed karis aapan feelings ke, interests of France aur uske larrka, Louis ke khaatir.
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Raani Catholic des ke biich me santi maangat rahii, lekin ii khaali French ke vijay uske native Spain ke uppar, ke baad. Uu French foreign policy ke partial Catholic orientation de rahii . Iske asar Netherlands pe rahaa, France ke Protestant ally, jon alag se Spain se, 1648 me treaty banis rahaa.[12]
1648 me, Anne aur Mazarin safaltaa se negotiate kare rahin Peace of Westphalia, jon Thirty Years' War ke khalaas karis, jisme France actively hissa liis rahaa aapan interests ke advance kare ke khaatir.[13] Iske terms formally confirme karis extensive autonomy jon Holy Roman Empire ke dher states, larrai se pahile enjoy karat rahin. Ii Sweden ke seats Imperial Diet ke diis rahaa aur territories controlling the mouths of the Oder, Elbe, aur Weser Naddi.[14] Lekin France ii settlement se sab se jaada profit karis rahaa. Austria, jispe Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III raaj karat rahaa, sab Habsburg jamiin and claims in Alsace France ke cede kar diis rahaa aur ii maanis ki uske de facto sovereignty Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, aur Toul ke uppar.[15] Aur, dher chhotaa-chhotaa German states French k e protection maangin, Habsburg domination se nikle ke khaatir. Isse 1658 me League of the Rhine banaa ,jisse Imperial power aur kamti hoe gais rahaa.
Suruu ke kaam
[badlo | source ke badlo]Jaise Thirty Years' War khalaas bhais, ek civil war jiske the Fronde ke naam je jaana jaawat rahaa, France me suruu bhais. Ii effectively France ke nobility ke Peace of Westphalia ke exploit kare se rokis rahaa. Anne aur Mazarin jaada kar ke Cardinal Richelieu ke policy ke follow karat rahin, jon Crown ke taagat ke barrhae diiis rahaa at the expense of the nobility aur Parlements. Anne internal policy pe jaad adhyan dewatrahii, foreign affairs ke jagha; uu bahut proud raani rahi jon biswas karat rahii ki France ke raja ke raaj kare ke adhikaar Bhagwaan diis rahaa.[16]
Ii sab ke kaaran uu ek forceful policy sab chij jon King ke authority se relate karat raha , me lewat rahii, ii rakam se jon Mazarin ke mukable me aur radical rahaa. Cardinal, Anne ke support pe puura nirbhar rahaa aur uske aapan raani ke uppar sab influence ke kaam me laae ke, uske kuchh radical actions ke kamti kare ke kosis karis rahaa. Anne, koi aristocrat nai to member of parliament jon uske will ke challenge karis, ke jahek me kar diis rahaa; uske khaas aim rahaa ki uu aapan larrkaa ke transfer kare puura authority, finance aur justice ke matters me. Ek Parlement of Paris ke neta jiske uu jahel kare rahii, jahel me mar gais rahaa.[17]
Frondeurs, jon political heirs rahin disaffected feudal aristocracy ke, aapan traditional feudal privileges ke bachae maangat rahin, increasingly centralized royal sarkar se. Aur, uulog biswas karat rahin ki uulog ke traditional influence aur authority ke khatam karaa jaawe hae, recently ennobled bureaucrats (the Noblesse de Robe , or "nobility of the robe") ke haanth me, jon kingdom ke adminster karat rahin aur jispe monarchy jaada kar ke rely karat rahaa. Ii biswa, nobles ke resentment ke jaada karis rahaa.
1648 me, Anne aur Mazarin Parlement de Paris ke members ke tax kare ke kosis kare rahin. Member log tax bhare se inkaar kar de rahin aur order karin ki raaja ke pahile ke financial edicts ke jarae dewa jaawe. Louis, duke of Enghien (later known as le Grand Condé) ke jiit Battle of Lens ke baad, Mazarin, Queen Anne ke dabao pe kuchh members ke arrest karwais, aapan taagat dekhae ke khaatir.[18] Sab se khaas arrest, from Anne's point of view, Pierre Broussel rahaa, jon Parliament of Paris ke sab seimportant jan rahaa.
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ Brémond, Henri (1908) (in fr). La Provence mystique au XVIIe siècle. Paris, France: Plon-Nourrit. pp. 381–382. https://archive.org/details/laprovencemysti00bremgoog.
- ↑ Bluche 1990, p. 11.
- ↑ Barentine 2016, p. 129.
- ↑ Panhuysen 2016, p. 26.
- ↑ Fraser 2006, pp. 14–16.
- ↑ (Petitfils 2002, pp. 30–40)
- ↑ Reinhardt 2016, p. 20.
- ↑ Kleinman 1985, p. 145.
- ↑ Bély 2001, p. 57.
- ↑ Sonnino 1998, pp. 217–218.
- ↑ (Petitfils 2002, pp. 34–37)
- ↑ (Petitfils 2002, pp. 29–36)
- ↑ Beem 2018, p. 83.
- ↑ Barentine 2016, p. 131.
- ↑ Dvornik 1992, p. 456.
- ↑ Kleinman 1985, p. Template:Fix/category[page needed].
- ↑ (Petitfils 2002, pp. 70–75)
- ↑ (Petitfils 2002, pp. 80–85)