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Leonardo da Vinci

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Leonardo da Vinci
Ii chhaapa, jiske Francesco Melzi paint karis
rahaa, c. 1515–1518, khaali ek chhaapa he jon
da Vinci ke jamaana ke jan paint karis rahaa.[1][2]
Janam
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci

15 April 1452(1452-04-15)
(possibly Anchiano),Vinci,
Maut2 May 1519 (aged 67)
Clos Lucé, Amboise,
Resting placeChâteau d'Amboise
ShikshaStudio of Andrea del Verrocchio
Sakriya warshc. 1470–1519
Known for
  • Painting
  • drawing
  • engineering
  • anatomical
    studies
  • hydrology
  • botany
  • optics
  • geology
Notable work
MovementHigh Renaissance
PalwaarDa Vinci family
Signature
Signature written in ink in a flowing script

Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 - 2 May 1519) Italy ke ek painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor aur architect rahaa.

Jiwan kahaani

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Bajpan ke kahaani (1452–1472)

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Janam aur palwaar

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Leonardo da Vinci ke baptism record

Leonardo da Vinci, jiske asli naam Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci rahaa ("Leonardo, son of ser Piero from Vinci"),[3] 15 April 1452 ke Tuscan ke hill town Vinci, Italy, Florence se 20 mile duur.[4][5] Uu saadi se bahaar, to Piero da Vinci (Ser Piero da Vinci d'Antonio di ser Piero di ser Guido; 1426–1504) ke larrka rahaa,[6] jon ek Florentine legal notary,[4] rahaa. [7][8] Ii bhi daawa karaa gais hae ki, uske maiyaa, Caterina, saait ek Middle East ke gulaam rahaa hoi "nai to kamti se kamti Mediterranean se" nai to Chinese descent ke. Alessandro Vezzosi, head of the Leonardo Museum in Vinci, ke anusaar ii sabuut hae ki Piero ke lage ek gulaam rahaa jiske naam Caterina rahaa.[9] Leonardo ke fingerprints re reconstruction ek pattern dekhae hae jon 60% Middle Eastern log ke match kare hae, aur isse ii sanjha jaae hae ki Leonardo me kuchh Middle Eastern khuun rahaa hoi. Lekin abhi jaldi, historian Martin Kemp, Italy ke historical archive ke study kar ke sabuut paais hae ki Leonardo ke maiya ke young local aurat rahii, jiske naam Caterina di Meo Lippi rahaa.[10] Ii nai jaana jaae he ki Leonardo kahaan paida bhais rahaa ; local oral tradition jiske historian Emanuele Repetti record karis hae,[11] ke anusaar uu Anchiano , a country hamlet that would have offered sufficient privacy for the illegitimate birth, though it is still possible he was born in a house in Florence that Ser Piero almost certainly had, me paida bhais rahaa. Leonardo ke maiya aur pitaji, duuno uske janam ke baad duusra jan se saadi karin . Caterina – jiske baad me Leonardo ke notes me "Caterina" nai to "Catelina" bola gais hae – ke naam Caterina Buti del Vacca rahaa, jon local artisan Antonio di Piero Buti del Vacca, ke saathe saadi karis rahaa. Ser Piero baad me Albiera Amadori ke saathe saadi karis rahaa aur 1464 me uske maut ke baad tiin aur dafe saadi karis rahaa. [11][12] Ii sab saadi me se Leonardo ke 16 half-siblings (of whom 11 survived infancy) rahaa. [13] jon usse bahut jawaan rahin (aakhri waala uu time paida bhais jab Leonardo was 46 saal ke rahaa)[13] aur jisse uske bahut kamti len-den rahaa.

Photo of a building of rough stone with small windows, surrounded by olive trees
Leonardo ke bachpan ke ghar,Anchiano, Vinci, Italy me

Leonardo ke bachpan ke baare me bahut nai jaana jaae hae, aur bahut chij sacchaa nai hoi, uske biography Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (1550) by 16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari ke kaaran.[14][15] Tax records ii dekhae hae ki at least 1457 me uu aapan paternal grandfather, Antonio da Vinci,[4] ke ghar me rahaa lekin ii hoe sake hae ki iske pahile waala saal me uu aapan maiya ke saathe Vinci me, chaahe Anchiano nai to Campo Zeppi me San Pantaleone parish me rahaa.[16][17] Ii sanjha jaae hae ki uu aapan uncle, Francesco da Vinci,[18] ke kaafi nagiich rahaa lekin uske pitaji jaada time Florence me rahaa.[4] Ser Piero, jon ek khandaani notary rahaa, Florence me 1469 me aapan official ghar banais rahaa aur aapan career me achchhaaa karat rahaa. [4] Uske palwaar ke itihaas ke bawajuut, Leonardo ke khaali basic aur informal sikchhaa (vernacular) writing, reading, aur mathematics me milaa; saait ii kaaran se ki uske artistic talents ke bachpan me recognise karaa gais rahaa, tab uske palwaar wahii chij me uske parrhaai ke concentrate karis. [4]

Baad me, Leonardo aapan earliest memory ke record karis rahaa, Codex Atlanticus me.[19] Jab uu chirrya ke flight ke baare me likhat rahaa, tab uu ii yaad karis hae ki ek infant chirrya uske cradle ke lage aais aur uske muh ke aapan puunch se kholis ; itihaas ke adhyan kare waala log ii debate kare hae ki ii sach rahaa ki fantasy.[20]

Verrocchio's workshop

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Painting showing Jesus, naked except for a loin-cloth, standing in a shallow stream in a rocky landscape, while to the right, John the Baptist, identifiable by the cross that he carries, tips water over Jesus' head. Two angels kneel at the left. Above Jesus are the hands of God, and a dove descending
Christ ke baptism (1472–1475), Verrocchio aur Leonardo se, Uffizi Gallery me

Mid-1460s me, Leonardo ke palwaar Florence me jaae ke rahe lagin, jon uu time Christian Humanist soch and sanskriti ke center rahaa.[21] 14 saal ke umar me,[22] uu ek studio boy banis, Andrea del Verrocchio ke workshop me, jon Florence ke uu time ke jaana maana painter aur sculptor rahaa.[21] Yahii time Verrocchio ke master, mashuur sculptor Donatello ke maut bhais. 17 saal ke umar me Leonardo ek apprentice banaa aur training me saat saal talak rahaa.[23] Ii workshop ke aur mashuurs painters jon rahin, nai to isse sambandh rakkhat rahin me Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, aur Lorenzo di Credi rahaa.[24][25] Leonardo ke duunoaur dher rakam ke technical skills hian pe mila,[26] jisme drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics, woodwork rahaa, aur artistic skills jaise drawing, painting, sculpting, aur modelling.[27][lower-alpha 1]

Leonardo ke time ke Botticelli, Ghirlandaio aur Perugino rahin, jon usse thorraa barraa rahin.[28] Leonardo uu log ke Verrocchio ke workshop nai to Platonic Academy of the Medici me mila rahaa.[24] Florence me dher artist ke kaam ke display karaa gais rahaa, jaise Masaccio, jiske figurative fresco me realism aur emotion, aur Ghiberti, jiske Gates of Paradise, gold leaf se chamkat rahaa, jon art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds dekhaat rahaa. Piero della Francesca , perspective ke detail me adhyan karis rahaa,[29] aur pahila painter rahaa jon light ke scientific study karis rahaa. Ii adhyan aur Leon Battista Alberti ke treatise De pictura jawaan artist pe dher asar karis rahaa, khaas kar ke Leonardo ke aapan observations aur artworks me[30][31]

Verrocchio ke workshop ke jaada painting uske assistants kare rahin. Vasari ke anusaar, Leonardo, Verrocchio se uske The Baptism of Christ (c. 1472–1475), painting jisme ek jawaan angel Jesus robe pakrris hae, skill dekhais rahaa jon uske master se achchhaa rahaa, jiske kaaran ii socha jaae hae ki Verrocchio aapan painting band kar diis rahaa. [‡ 1] (the latter claim probably being apocryphal), me collaborate karis rahaa.[32] Oil paint ke nawaa technique ke dher work ke area me kaam me laawa gais rahaa, jisme the landscape, the rocks seen through the brown mountain stream, aur Jesus ke figure ke jaada hissa , me Leonardo ke haanth rahaa.[33] Iske alaawa, Leonardo , Verrocchio ke dui painting me model bhi rahaa hoi: the bronze statue of David in the Bargello aur archangel Raphael in Tobias and the Angel.[32]

Vasari, jab Leonardo jawaan admi rahaa ke time ke ek kahaani batae hae: ek local kisan aapan khaatir ek golaa shield banais aur ii request karis ki Ser Piero uske khaatir iske paint karwae. Leonardo, Medusa ke kahaani se inspire hoe ke, ek monster ke paint karis jon aagi nikaalat rahaa aur etna terrifying rahaa ki uske pitaji ek duusra shield khareed ke ke kisan ke diss aur Leonardo ke painting ke ek Florentine art dealer ke 100 ducat me beech diis, jon baad me iske Duke of Milan ke beech diis.

References

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  1. ↑ "A portrait of Leonardo c. 1515–18". Royal Collection Trust. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  2. ↑ Zöllner 2019, p. 20.
  3. ↑ Brown 1998, p. 7.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brown 1998, p. 5.
  5. ↑ Nicholl 2005, p. 17.
  6. ↑ Bambach 2019, pp. 16, 24.
  7. ↑ Marani 2003, p. 13.
  8. ↑ Bambach 2019, p. 16.
  9. ↑ Hooper, John. "Da Vinci's mother was a slave, Italian study claims", The Guardian, 12 April 2008.
  10. ↑ Alberge, Dalya. "Tuscan archives yield up secrets of Leonardo's mystery mother", The Guardian, 21 May 2017.
  11. 1 2 Bambach 2019, p. 24.
  12. ↑ Kemp & Pallanti 2017, p. 65.
  13. 1 2 Kemp & Pallanti 2017, pp. 65–66.
  14. ↑ Brown 1998, pp. 1, 5.
  15. ↑ Marani 2003, p. 12.
  16. ↑ Brown 1998, p. 175.
  17. ↑ Nicholl 2005, p. 28.
  18. ↑ Kemp 2003.
  19. ↑ Nicholl 2005, p. 30, 506.
  20. ↑ Nicholl 2005, p. 30. See p. 506 for the original Italian.
  21. 1 2 Rosci 1977, p. 13.
  22. ↑ Wallace 1972, p. 11.
  23. ↑ Bacci, Mina (1978). The Great Artists: Da Vinci. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  24. 1 2 Bortolon 1967.
  25. ↑ Arasse 1998.
  26. ↑ Rosci 1977, p. 27.
  27. ↑ Martindale 1972.
  28. ↑ Rosci 1977, pp. 9–20.
  29. ↑ Piero della Francesca, On Perspective for Painting (De Prospectiva Pingendi)
  30. ↑ Hartt 1970, pp. 127–133.
  31. ↑ Rachum, Ilan (1979). The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia.
  32. 1 2 Ottino della Chiesa 1967, p. 83.
  33. ↑ Ottino della Chiesa 1967, p. 88.
  1. ↑ The "diverse arts" and technical skills of Medieval and Renaissance workshops are described in detail in the 12th-century text On Divers Arts by Theophilus Presbyter and in the early 15th-century text Il Libro dell'Arte by Cennino Cennini.
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  1. ↑ (Vasari 1991, p. 287)
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