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Leo Tolstoy

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Leo Tolstoy

Ii uske khaali ekke chapa hae, jiske uske Yasnaya Polyana estate me 1908 me Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorski liis rahaa
Janam September 9, 1828(1828-09-09)
Yasnaya Polyana, Russia
Maut November 20, 1910 (aged 82)
Astapovo, Russia
Kaam Novelist
Genres Realist
Notable work(s) War and Peace
Anna Karenina
Signature

Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828-1910) ek Russian novelist rahaa, jon ki aapan book War and Peace aur Anna Karenina ke khatir famous bhais .

Tolstoy ke janam Yasnaya Polyana Tula, Russia me bhais rahaa aur uske saadi Sofia Andreevna Bers se bhais rahaa.

Uu ek Christian rahaa aur non-violence me biswas karat rahaa. Uske book The Kingdom of God is Within You Mahatma Gandhi aur Martin Luther King se influence bhais rahaa.

Palwaar ke origin

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Tolstoy palwaar, ek jaana-maana palwaar rahaa, puraana Russian nobility ke, jon aapan ancestry ke ek mythical[1] nobleman jiske naam Indris rahaa, jiske Pyotr Tolstoy describe karis hae ki "from Nemec, from the lands of Caesar" se Chernigov me 1353 me aawe rahin, uske dui larrkas Litvinos (or Litvonis) aur Zimonten (or Zigmont) ke saathe aur 3000 log ke saathe, talak pahile trace kare rahin.[2][3] Indriske Eastern Orthodoxy me convert karaa gais rahaa, aur uske naam Leonty dewa gais rahaa, aur uske larrkam ke naam Konstantin aur Feodor dewa gais rahaa. Konstantin ke potaa Andrei Kharitonovich ke nicknamed Tolstiy (translated as fat) rahaa jab uu Chernigov se Moscow gais rahaa.[2][3]

Ii pagan naam ke kaara, aur kaaheki Chernigov pe uu time Demetrius I Starshy raaj karat rahaa, kuchh researchers ii conclud kare hae ki uu log Lithuanians rahin jon Grand Duchy of Lithuania se aae rahin.[2][4][5] Indris naam ke koi jan ke naam ke 14th-to-16th-century documents me nai paawa gais rahaa, jab Chernigov Chronicles jiske Pyotr Tolstoy reference ke ruup me kaam me laais hae, abhi herae gais hae.[2] Tostoy ke palwaar ke log 17th century me rahat rahin, jiske kaaran Pyotr Tolstoy ke founder of the noble house maana jaawe hae, aur uske title of count, Peter the Great dwaara dewa gais rahaa.[6][7]

Jindagi aur kaam

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Tolstoy at age 20, c. 1848

Tolstoy ke janam Yasnaya Polyana me, palwaar ke ek estate 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) Tula ke southwest, aur 200 kilometres (120 mi) Moscow ke south me. Uu Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794–1837) ke paanch larrkan me se chuthaa rahaa, Patriotic War of 1812 ke veteran rahaa, aur Princess Mariya Tolstaya (née Volkonskaya; 1790–1830). Uske maiyaa mar gais rahaa jab uu dui saal ke rahaa aur uske pitaji maris rahaa jab uu nau saal ke rahaa.[8] Tolstoy aur uske bhaiyaa- bahini log ke uske palwaar paale rahin.[9] 1844 me, uu wakiili aur oriental bhasa ke Kazan University me parrhe lagaa, jahaan pe uske teacher logan "both unable and unwilling to learn" describe kare rahin.[8] Tolstoy university ke aapan parrjai ke biich me chhorr diis rahaa,[8] Yasnaya Polyana laut gais rahaa aur iske baad dher time Moscow , Tula aur Saint Petersburg me bitais rahaa, jiske kaaran uske aur leisurely lifestyle rahaa.[9] Ii time uu likhe ke suruu kar diis rahaa ,[8] jisme uske pahila novel Childhood rahaa, uske jawaani ke ek fictitious account, jiske 1852 me publish karaa gais rahaa.[9] 1851 me, jab uske juuaa ke debt jaada hoe gais rahaa , uu aapan bhaiyaa ke saathe Caucasus gais aur and army ke join karis rahaa. Tolstoyek artillery officer ke ruup me Crimean War me larris rahaa aur uu Sevastopol me rahaa 11-month-long siege of Sevastopol ke time 1854–55 me,[10] jisme Battle of the Chernaya bhi hae. War ke time uske courage ke recognise karaa gais rahaa aur uske lieutenant promote karaa gais rahaa.[10] Uu ii larrai me dher maut se chintit rahaa,[8] aur Crimean War ke baad army ke chhorr diis rahaa.[9]

Uske army ke experience aur Europe ke dui trip 1857 aur 1860–61 me, Tolstoy ke ek dissolute aur privileged society lekhak se ek non-violent aur spiritual anarchist me badal diis rahaa. Duusra jan jon yahi marg pakrre rahin hae, Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Bakunin aur Peter Kropotkin. Aapan 1857 ke visit me, Tolstoy Paris me public execution ke dekhis rahaa , jon uske khaatir ek traumatic experience rahaa jon uske baad ke jindagi ke mark karis rahaa. Ek chitthi jon uu aapan dost Vasily Botkin ke lage bhejis rahaa, me Tolstoy likis rahaa: "The truth is that the State is a conspiracy designed not only to exploit, but above all to corrupt its citizens ... Henceforth, I shall never serve any government anywhere."[11] Tolstoy ke concept of non-violence nai to ahimsa ke aur proytsaan milaa jab uu German version of the Tirukkural ke parrhis rahaa.[12][13] Uu baad me isse Mahatma Gandhi pe asar karis through his "A Letter to a Hindu" jab jawan Gandhi usse chtthi badlis use rae le ke khaatir .[13][14][15]

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  1. ↑ Bartlett, Rosamund (2011). Tolstoy: A Russian Life. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 14. ISBN 978-0547545875.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Vitold Rummel, Vladimir Golubtsov (1886). Genealogical Collection of Russian Noble Families in 2 Volumes. Volume 2 Archived 12 Disambar 2017 at the Wayback Machine – The Tolstoys, Counts and Noblemen. Saint Petersburg: A.S. Suvorin Publishing House, p. 487
  3. 1 2 Ivan Bunin, The Liberation of Tolstoy: A Tale of Two Writers, p. 100
  4. ↑ Troyat, Henri (2001). Tolstoy. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3768-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  5. ↑ "Six Centuries of Tolstoys", 6 November 1983.
  6. ↑ Tolstoy coat of arms Archived 12 Disambar 2017 at the Wayback Machine by All-Russian Armorials of Noble Houses of the Russian Empire. Part 2, 30 June 1798 (in Russian)
  7. ↑ The Tolstoys Archived 6 Janwari 2017 at the Wayback Machine article from Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1890–1907 (in Russian)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Author Data Sheet, Macmillan Readers" (PDF). Macmillan Publishers Limited. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Britannica".
  10. 1 2 "Ten Things You Didn't Know About Tolstoy ". BBC.
  11. ↑ A.N. Wilson, Tolstoy (1988), p. 146
  12. ↑ Rajaram, M. (2009). Thirukkural: Pearls of Inspiration. New Delhi: Rupa Publications. pp. xviii–xxi. ISBN 978-81-291-1467-9.
  13. 1 2 Walsh, William (2018). Secular Virtue: for surviving, thriving, and fulfillment. Will Walsh. ISBN 978-06-920-5418-5.
  14. ↑ Tolstoy, Leo (14 December 1908). "A Letter to A Hindu: The Subjection of India-Its Cause and Cure". The Literature Network. Archived from the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2012. The Hindu Kural
  15. ↑ Parel, Anthony J. (2002), "Gandhi and Tolstoy", in M.P. Mathai; M.S. John; Siby K. Joseph (eds.), Meditations on Gandhi: a Ravindra Varma festschrift, New Delhi: Concept, pp. 96–112, retrieved 8 September 2012
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