Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc | |
|---|---|
 Anonymous c. late 19th-century ke chhaapa, jon 15th-century miniature style me hae | |
| Virgin | |
| Born | c. 1412 Domrémy, Duchy of Bar, Kingdom of France |
| Died | 30 May 1431 (aged Approx.19) Rouen, Anglo-French Kingdom |
| Venerated in | |
| Beatified | 18 April 1909 by Pope Pius X |
| Canonized | 16 May 1920 by Pope Benedict XV |
| Feast | 30 May |
| Patronage | France |
| Signature | |
 | |
Joan of Arc (c. 1412 – 30 May 1431) ek French saint rahis. Uu Hundred Years War me France ke England ke virod me madat karis rahaa.
12 saal ke umar me Joan ke St. Catherine, St. Margaret, aur St. Michael the Archangel dekhae laga rahaa. Uu army ke join kar ke English ke virod me bahut din talak larris rahaa. Uske baad uu Charles VII of France ke France ke raja banais. Baad me English uske pakarr ke maar diin jab ki uu khaali 19 saal ke rahi.
Janam aur itihasik background
[badlo | source ke badlo]
Joan of Arc ke janam c. 1412[3] Domrémy, ek chhotaa gaon, Meuse valley me jon abhi Vosges department, e north-east France me bhais rahaa.[3] Uske janam ke taarik ke nai jaana jaawe hae aur uu apne jon kuchh aapan umar ke baare me batais hae, vague hae.[4] Uske pitaji, Jacques d'Arc aur maiyaa, Isabelle Romée rahii. Joan ke tiin bhaiyaa aur bahini rahin. [5] Uske pitaji ek garib kisan rahaa. [6] jiske lage lagbhag 20 hectares (50 acres) jamiin rahaa,[7] aur uu aaman aamdani ke jaada kare ke khaatir, uu ek village official ke kaam karat rahaa, jahan pe uske kaam tax ke batorna aur aur local watch ke aguwai karnaa.[3]
Uske janam Hundred Years' War jon England aur France ke biich me rahaa, jon 1337 me suruu bhais rahaa, ke time bhais rahaa.[8] Ii larrai English territories jon France me rahaa ke status ke uppar aur English claims to the French throne.[9] Lagbhag sab larrai France me bhais rahaa, jon France ke economy ke barbaad kar diis rahaa.[10] Joan ke janam ke time, France politically divided rahaa. France ke rajah Charles VI ke dimag ke bemaari rahaa aur dher dafe achchhaa se rule nai kare paawat rahaa;[11] uske bhaiyaa Louis, Duke of Orléans, aur cousin John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, jhakrra karat rahin France ke regency bane ke khaatir. 1407 me, Duke of Burgundy assassination of the Duke of Orléans ke order karis rahaa,[12] jisse civil war suruu hoe gais rahaa.[13] Charles of Orléans aapan pitaji kaur uske Bernard, Count of Armagnac ke dekh0rekh me rakkhaa gais rahaa; uske supporters ke "Armagnacs" ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, jab Duke of Burgundy ke "Burgundians" ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.[12] French ke hoe waala rajah Charles VII ke title liis rahaa aur dauphin (heir to the throne) ke title liis rahaa, uske chaar barraa bhaiyaa logan ke maut ke baad[3] aur uu Armagnacs ke saathe rahaa.[14]
England ke Henry V France ke internal divisions ke exploit karis rahaa, jab uu 1415 me France ke invade karis rahaa.[15] Burgundians, 1418 me Paris ke capture kare le rahin.[16] 1419 me, Dauphin ek truce offer karis rahaa, jisse Duke of Burgundy se negotiate karaa jaae sake, lekin duke ke Dauphin ke Armagnac partisans murder kar de rahin, negotiations ke time. Nawaa duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, English ke saathe hoe gais rahaa.[17] Charles VI Dauphin pe aarop lagain Duke of Burgundy ke maare ke aur uske FRench throne throne ke khaatir unfit declare kare rahin. [18] Jab uu bemaar rahii tab Charles ke aurat Isabeau of Bavaria uske khaatir kaam kare rahii aur Treaty of Troyes ke sign karis rahaa,[19] jisse uske larrki Catherine of Valois ke saadi Henry V se, ke kaaran uske French throne ke uppar haq rahaa, aur asliyat me Dauphin disinherit kar dis rahaa.[20] Iske kaaran rumors rahaa ki Dauphin King Charles VI ke larrka nai rahaa, lekin ek adulterous affair between Isabeau murder karaa gais duke of Orléans ke biich ke natija rahaa.[21] 1422 me, Henry V aur Charles VI mar gain dui mahina ke biich me ; nau mahina ke Henry VI of England nominal heir e Anglo-French dual monarchy ke rahaa, jaise treaty me agree karaa gais rahaa, lekin Dauphin bhi French throne ke claim karis rahaa.[22]
Bachpan ke din
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Aapan bachpan me, Joan ghar ke kaam karat rahii, wool spin karat rahii, aapan pitaji ke khet me madat karat rahii aur jaanwar ke dekhat rahii. Joan ke maiyaa uske dharmik sikchhaa de rahii.[24] Domrémy ke dher hissa Duchy of Bar me rahaa,[25] jiske aslii feudal status clear nai hae;[26] bhaaale ii pro-Burgundian land se ghira rahaa, iske log Armagnac cause ke loyal rahin.[3] 1419 talak, larrai ke asar ii ilaaka pe rahaa,[27] aur 1425 me, Domrémy ke attack karaa gais rahaa aur chauaa ke chori karaa gais rahaa.[3] Iske kaaran kuchh gaon ke log ii maangat rahin ki English ke France se bahaar karaa jaae. Ii raid ke baad, Joan pahila vision dekhis rahaa.[28]
Duusra websites
[badlo | source ke badlo]References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ The Calendar 2021.
- ↑ Barker 2009, p. xviii: with addition of the County of Rethel.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 [[#CITEREF|]].
- ↑ Gies 1981, p. 10.
- ↑ DeVries et al.
- ↑ Gies 1981, p. 1.
- ↑ Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 221.
- ↑ Aberth 2000, p. 50.
- ↑ Aberth, 2000 & Perroy 1959.
- ↑ Aberth 2000, pp. 85–86.
- ↑ Seward 1982, pp. 143–144.
- 1 2 Barker 2009, p. 5.
- ↑ Seward 1982, p. 144.
- ↑ Vale 1974, pp. 22, 25.
- ↑ DeVries, 1999 & Tuchman 1982.
- ↑ Barker, 2009 & Sizer 2007.
- ↑ Barker, 2009 & Burne 1956.
- ↑ Barker 2009, p. 29.
- ↑ Gibbons 1996, p. 71.
- ↑ Barker 2009, pp. 28–29.
- ↑ Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 189.
- ↑ Curry et al. 2015, p. 105.
- ↑ Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 240–241.
- ↑ Gies 1981, p. 21.
- ↑ Lowell 1896, p. 15.
- ↑ Castor et al.
- ↑ Gies, 1981 & Lowell 1896.
- ↑ Lowell 1896, pp. 28–29.