James Watt
| James Watt | |
|---|---|
 Carl Frederik von Breda ke banaawa gais, 1792 ke chhaapa | |
| Born | 19 January 1736 Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland |
| Died | 25 August 1819 (aged 83) Handsworth, Birmingham, England |
| Fields | Mechanical engineering |
| Institutions | University of Glasgow Boulton and Watt |
| Known for | Watt steam engine Watt's linkage Watt's curve Separate condenser Centrifugal governor Horsepower Indicator diagram Letter copying press Sun and planet gear |
Signature | |
(Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, Francis Chantrey se)
James Watt (19 January 1736 - 19 August 1819) ek Scottish mathematician aur engineer rahaa. Uu pahila steam engine nai banais rahaa lekin iske badal ke aur achchhaa karis rahaa. Watts ke steam engine ke is 18th anur19th centuries me Industrial Revolution ke drive kar ke credit dewa jaawe hae. Unit of power, the watt, uske naam se aais hae.
Biography
[badlo | source ke badlo]Bachpan ke din aur sikchhaa
[badlo | source ke badlo]James Watt ke janam 19 January 1736 keGreenock, Renfrewshire me bhais rahaa. Uu Agnes Muirhead (1703–1755) aur James Watt (1698–1782) ke jinda larrkan me se sab se barraa rahaa.[1] Watt ke 25 January 1736 me Old West Kirk, Greenock me baptise karaa gais rahaa.[2] Uske maiyaa ek jaana-maana palwaar se aae rahii, parrhi-likhi rahii aur forceful character ke rahii, aur uske pitaji ek shipwright, jahaaj ke maalik aur chlaae waala aur contractor rahaa jon Greenock ke chief baillie ke ruup me 1751 me serve karis rahaa.[1][3] Watt palwaar ke daulat Watt ke pitaji ke slaves aur slave-produced goods ke trade se aais rahaa.[4] Watt ke maiyaa-bappa Presbyterian rahin aur kattar Covenanters rahin,[5] lekin iske baawajuut uu baad me deist hoe gais rahaa.[6][7] Watt ke aaja , Thomas Watt (1642–1734), ek mathematics , surveying aur navigation ke teacher rahaa[1] aur Baron of Cartsburn ke baillie rahaa.[8]
Suruu me, Watt ke parrhai uske ghar me uske maiyaa se bhais rahaa, lekin baad me uu Greenock Grammar School gais rahaa. Huan pe uu mathematics me achchhaa karis, lekin Latin aur Greek me uske koi dhyaan nai lagat rahaa.
Ii bataawa gais hae ke, jab uu chhotaa rahaa, Watt dher dafe bemaar rahat rahaa aur murr piraawe ke takliif uske sab time rahaa.[1][9]
School chorree ke baad, Watt aapan pitaji ke business ke workshop me kaam karis rahaa, jahaan pe uu achchhaa dexterity aur hunnar dekhais rahaa, engineering models ke banae me. Jab uske pitaji ke business nai chalaa tab, Watt Greenock ke chhorr ke kaam ke khaatir Glasgow gais aur mathematical instrument maker banaa rahaa.[1]
Jab Watt 18 saal ke rahaa, tab uske maiyaa mar gais rahaa aur uske pitaji ke tabiyat kharaab hoe lagaa rahaa. Watt London gais aur huan pe uu ek instrument maker ke training (1755–56) karis, aur fir Scotland laut aais, aur commercial city of Glasgow me bas gais , jahaan pe uu aapan instrument-making business ke suruu kare maangat rahaa. Uu kaafi jawaan rahaa aur kaaheki uske full apprenticeship nai rahaa, uske lage uske pahile ke master ke connection nai rahaa, jisse uu journeyman instrument maker bane sake.
Watt, ii bawaal se bach gais rahaa jab Jamaica se astronomical instruments jiske Alexander MacFarlane, University of Glasgow ke bequeth karis rahaa – instruments jiske maramat kare ke jaruri raha, uske lage aais .[12] Watt iske repair karis aur uske iske khaatirpaisa milaa rahaa. Ii instruments ke baad me Macfarlane Observatory me install karaa gais rahaa. Baad me, tiin professor log uske, university me ek chhotaa workshop banae ke maukaa diin. Ii 1757 me suruu bhais rahaa aur dui professors, physicist aur chemist, Joseph Black aur jaana -maana, economist Adam Smith, Watt ke dost ban gain.[13]
Suruu me, uu kaam karat rahaa scientific instruments ke repair karnaa, jiske university me kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, demonstrations me madat karat rahaa, aur quadrants ke production ke expand karis rahaa. Uu banais aur brass reflecting quadrants, parallel rulers, scales, parts for telescopes, aur barometers, aur duusra chij ke repair karis rahaa.
Biographers, jaise Samuel Smiles ii daawa kare hae ki Watt Glasgow me struggle karis rahaa, Trades House ke virod ke kaaran, lekin isse duusra itihaasik log sahmat nai hae , jaise Harry Lumsden. Ii time ke records achchhaa nai hae , lekin jab ii clear hae ki Watt ke virod ke mukaabla kare ke parraa rahaa, fir bhi uu kaam aur veopaar as a skilled metal worker karte rahaa, ii suggest kare hae ki Incorporation of Hammermen uske kaam se khusi rahaa aur uske membership ke requirement meet karat rahaa, nai to t Watt uske outright opposition ke safaltaa se avoid kar liis rahaa.[14]
Duusra websites
[badlo | source ke badlo]References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- 1 2 3 4 5 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ↑ "Hall of Fame A-Z: James Watt (1736-1819)". National Records of Scotland. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
- ↑ Muirhead, James Patrick (1859). The life of James Watt: with selections from his correspondence (2 ed.). John Murray. p. 10. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24829.
- ↑ Lisa Williams, "Scotland and Slavery", National Galleries Scotland, 9 October 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
- ↑ Klooster, John W. (2009). Icons of invention: the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-34743-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=WKuG-VIwID8C.
- ↑ Dickinson, Henry Winram; Jenkins, Rhys; Committee of the Watt Centenary Commemoration (1927). James Watt and the steam engine: the memorial volume prepared for the Committee of the Watt centenary commemoration at Birmingham 1919. Clarendon press. p. 78. "It is difficult to say anything as to Watt's religious belief, further than that he was a Deist."
- ↑ McCabe, Joseph (1945). "A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers". Haldeman-Julius Publications. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
He made such improvement in the crude steam-engine that had been invented before his time that he is usually described as the inventor. "His many and most valuable inventions must always place him among the leading benefactors of mankind," says the account of him in the Dictionary of National Biography. He was an accomplished man. He knew Greek, Latin, French, German and Italian and was very friendly with the great freethinking French scientists. Andrew Carnegie has written a life of him and describes him as a deist who never went to church.
- ↑ Muirhead, James Patrick (1859). The life of James Watt: with selections from his correspondence (2 ed.). John Murray. p. 4, 7. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24829.
- ↑ Smiles, Samuel (1904). Lives of the Engineers (Popular ed.). London: John Murray. p. 12. https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.173811/2015.173811.Lives-Of-The-Engineers#page/n21/mode/2up. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ↑ Annan, Thomas (1868). Illustrated catalogue of the exhibition of portraits on loan in the new galleries of art, Corporation buildings, Sauchiehall Street. Glasgow: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum. p. 90. https://archive.org/stream/illustratedcatal00anna#page/90/mode/2up/search/watt. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ↑ "James Watt, 1736 – 1819. Engineer, inventor of the steam engine". Scottish National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ↑ Marshall (1925), Chapter 3.
- ↑ Robinson, Eric; McKie, Doublas (1970). Partners in Science: Letters of James Watt and Joseph Black. Cambridge, Massachusetts. https://archive.org/details/partnersinscienc0000robi.
- ↑ Lumsden, Harry (1912). History of the Hammermen of Glasgow; a study typical of Scottish craft life and organisation. Paisley: A. Gardner. pp. 394–404. https://archive.org/details/historyofhammerm00lums.