Classical music
Classical music, khaas kar ke western dunia ke art music ke bola jaawe hae, aur ii Western folk music, nai to, popular music ke rakam nai hae. Iske kabhi-kabhi bola jaawe haes Western classical music, kaaheki "classical music" phrase ke non-Western art music ke bhi bola jaawe sake hae. Classical music ke uske formality aur complexity uske musical form aur harmonic organization,[1] khaas kar ke polyphony ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae.[2] Kamti-sekamti ninth century se, iske ek written tradition rahaa,[2] jisse ek sophisticated notational system banaa rahaa, aur iske saathe ke literature analytical, critical, historiographical, musicological aur philosophical practices.
Iske suruwaat Europe ke churches aur royal courts rahaa,[1] aur medieval sangeet jon bachaa hae, khaas kar ke dharmik, monophonic aur vocal hae, jiske Rome aur Greece ke sangeet iske thought aur theory ke influence karis hae. Sab se puraana music ke manuscripts Carolingian Empire (800–887) ke hae,[3] uutime jab Western plainchant dhire-duire Gregorian chant ke ek kar diis rahaa.[4] Abbey of Saint Gall, Abbey of Saint Martial aur Saint Emmeram's Abbey me sangeet ke centre rahaa, jab 11th century me staff notation develop bhais rahaa jisse medieval music theorists ke number jaada bhais rahaa. 12th century ke middle talak, France ek khaas European musical center banaa rahaa:[3] dharmik Notre-Dame school sab se pahile organized rhythm aur polyphony ke puura adhyan karis rahaa, jab secular sangeet aage barrhaa troubadour aur trouvère traditions, led by poet-musician nobles.[5] Iske kaaran court-sponsored French ars nova aur Italian Trecento, evolve hoe ke ek stylistic movement of extreme rhythmic diversity banaa.[5] 15th century ke suruwaat se, Renaissance composers of the influential Franco-Flemish School ke, harmonic principles in the English contenance angloise banae rahin, jisse choral nawaa standards talak pahunchaa, khaas kar ke mass aur motet.[6] Northern Italy, kuchh din ke baad central musical region banaa, jahaan pe Roman School dher sophisticated methods of polyphony in genres such as the madrigal ke kaam me laae ke,[6] jisse English Madrigal School isnpire bhais rahaa.
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- 1 2 Owens 2008, § para. 1.
- 1 2 Schulenberg 2000, p. 99.
- 1 2 Schulenberg 2000, p. 100.
- ↑ Schulenberg 2000, pp. 100–101.
- 1 2 Schulenberg 2000, pp. 102–104.
- 1 2 Schulenberg 2000, pp. 104–105.
- The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; ISBN1-56159-174-2