Charles de Gaulle
| Charles de Gaulle | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 18th President of the French Republic | |
| In office 8 January, 1959 – 28 April, 1969 | |
| Preceded by | René Coty |
| Succeeded by | Georges Pompidou |
| 149th Prime Minister of France | |
| In office 1 June, 1958 – 8 January, 1959 | |
| Preceded by | Pierre Pflimlin |
| Succeeded by | Michel Debré |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 22 November, 1890 Lille, France |
| Died | 9 November, 1970; age 79 Colombey-les-deux-Églises |
| Nationality | French |
| Political party | UDR |
| Spouse(s) | Yvonne de Gaulle |
General Charles-André-Joseph-Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970) ek French military and political leader rahaa. Uu 1959 se 1969 talak France ke President rahaa.
Larrakpan
[badlo | source ke badlo]Bachpan ke din aur origins
[badlo | source ke badlo].jpg)
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ke janam 22 November 1890 me Lille me bhais rahaa. Uu paanch larrkan me se tiisra rahaa.[1] Uu ek devout Catholic conservative monarchist palwaar me barraa bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, Henri de Gaulle, ek professor of history and literature ek Jesuit college me rahaa aur baad me aapan school ke suruu karis rahaa. [2]: 42–47
Henri de Gaulle parliamentary gentry ke ek lambaa line se aais rahaa jon Normandy aur Burgundy ke rahaa.[3]: 13–16 [4] Ii socha jaawe hae ki uske naam Dutch origin ke hae, aur saait van der Walle, de Walle ("from the rampart, defensive wall") nai to de Waal ("the wall") se aais hae.[5][2]: 42 De Gaulle ke maiyaa, Jeanne (janam ke naam Maillot), ek entrepreneurs ke dhani palwaar se aae rahii aur Lille ke rahii. Uske French, Irish, Scottish, aur German ancestry rahaa.[3]: 13–16 [4]
De Gaulle ke pitaji aapan larrkan me historical aur philosophical bahas ke aapan larrkan me encourage karis rahaa, aur uske protsaan ke kaaran, de Gaulle French itihaas ke chhotaa umar me sikhis rahaa. Uske maiyaa ke kahaani ki uu kaise roe rahii jab French Germans se Sedan in 1870 me surrender kar de rahis, ke kaaran uu military strategy me keen intereest dekhais rahaa. Uu aapn uncle jiske naam bhi Charles de Gaulle rahaa jon ek itihasik aur kattar Celticist rahaa jon union of the Welsh, Scots, Irish, anur Bretons ke unite kare maangat rahaa, se influenced rahaa,. Uske aaja Julien-Philippe bhi ek historian rahaa , aur uske aaji, Joséphine-Marie kavita likhat rahii jon uske Christian faith dekhat rahaa.[6][2]: 42–47
Sikchhaa aue sikchhak ke influence
[badlo | source ke badlo]De Gaulle aapan early teens me likhe lagaa rahaa, khaas kal ke kavita; uske palwaar ek composition ke khaatir paisa diis rahaa, ek one-act verse play, jiske privately publish karaa gais rahaa.[7] Uu dher parrhat rahaa, aur philosophical tomes ke favour karat rahaa, lekhak jaise Bergson, Péguy, aur Barrès se. German philosophers Nietzsche, Kant, aur Goethe ke saathe, uu ancient Greeks (khaas kar ke Plato) ke parrhis rahaa aur Chateaubriand ke prose.[7]
De Gaulle ke parrhai Paris me Catholic Collège Stanislas bhais rahaa aur uu kuchh din talak Belgium me bhi parrhis rahaa.[2]: 51–53 15 saal ke umar me , uu ek essay likhis rahaa jisme uu imagune karat rahaa ki uu French Army ke victory me Germany ke uppar 1930 me lead karat rahaa; uu baad me likhis rahaa ki uu aapan jawaani me looked forward with somewhat naive anticipation to the inevitable aage ke larrai Germany se, 1870 ke French haar ke badla le ke khaatir.[8]
Gaulle ke jawani ke time France ek vibhajit samaj rahaa, uu ii time dher chij bhais rahaa jon Gaulle palwaar ke khaatir achchhaa nai rahaa: socialism ke faelna aur syndicalism, (1905 French ke French kanin jon Churches aur State ke alag karis rahaa, aur military service ke kanti kar ke dui saal kar dewa gais rahaa. Uu lo Entente Cordiale Britain se, nai kush rahin, pahila Moroccan Crisis, aurDreyfus Affair. Henri de Gaulle Dreyfus ke samarthak ban gais rahaa, lekin aapan innocence se kamti concerned rahaa per se army ke mukable me jon des pe disgrace laais rahaa. Ii time evangelical Catholicism jaada bhais rahaa, the dedication of the Sacré-Cœur, Paris, aur Joan of Arc ke cult bhi barrha rahaa.[2]: 50–51 [8]
De Gaulle ek achchhaa student rahaa aapan mid-teens talak, lekin July 1906 se uu military academy ek place ke khaatir concentrate karat rahaa, Saint-Cyr.[9] Jean Lacouture ii suggest karis hae ki Gaulle army join karis rahaa , jab uu ek career lekhak nai to itihasik ke suited rahaa, Uu army ke join karis rahaa aapan pitaji ke khusi kare ke khaatir, kaaheki army french society me ek unifying force rahaa. [10] Uu baad me likhis rahaaki "when I entered the Army, it was one of the greatest things in the world",[2]: 51 ek claim jiske Lacouture point out karis rahaa ki caution se treat kare ke chaahi: army ke reputation kharaab rahaa. Iske jaada kar ke strike-breaking ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa aur 700 se kamti log Saint-Cyr me 1908 me apply kare rahin, jon 2,000 raha at the turn of the century.[10]
Suruu ke kaam
[badlo | source ke badlo]Officer cadet aur lieutenant
[badlo | source ke badlo]
De Gaulle ke 1909 me Saint-Cyr me jagha milaa. Uske class rankingaverage rahaa (119th out of 221).[9] 21 March 1905 ke ek kaanun ke anusaar, jon log army officer bane maangat rahin ke ranks me ek saal talak serve kare ke parra rahaa jisme uu log a private nai to NCO rahe sakat rahin, academy me parrhe se pahile. Ii kaaran se, October 1909 me, de Gaulle enlist bhais rahaa (chaar saal ke khaatirs, jaise required rahaa, aur dui saal nai jon ki khaali conscripts logan khaatir rahaa 33rd Infantry Regiment, French Army ke,jon Arras me based rahaa.[11] Ii ek historic regiment rahaa, jon Austerlitz, Wagram, aur Borodino me rahaa. [12] April 1910 me uske corporal promote karaa gais rahaa. Uske company commander uske sergeant nai promote karis rahaa, jon potential officer ke usual rank rahaa, ii comment kar ke ki uu ek Constable of France ke khaatir khaali achchhaa rahaa.[13][11] Uske ant me sergeant, September 1910 me promote karaa gais rahaa.[14]
De Gaulle Saint-Cyr me aapan sthaan October 1910 me liis rahaa. Pahila saal ke ant talak uu aapan class me aage hoe ke 45th rahaa.[15] Uske nickname "the great asparagus" rahaa, kaaheki uske uunchaai (196 cm, 6'5") rahaa, chaklaa maathaa aur naak.[2]: 301 Uu academy me achchhaa karis rahaa aur aapan conduct, manners, intelligence, character, military spirit, aur resistance to fatigue ke khaatir praise liis rahaa. 1912 me, uu graduated bhais rahaa 13th aapan class me[16] aur uske passing-out report note karis ki uu ek gifted cadet rahaa jon ek excellent officer banii. Uske aage waala Marshal Alphonse Juin uske class me pahila sthaan pe rahaa, lekin duuno ek duusre ke achchhaa se nai jaanat rahin.[17]
De Gaukke France me serve kare ke prefer karis rahaa, aur bahaar ke colony me nai aur October 1912 me uu 33rd Infantry Regiment ke second lieutenant ke ruup me join karis rahaa. Uske regiment ke command kare waala Colonel (aur aage ke Marshal) Philippe Pétain rahaa, jiske de Gaulle agle 15 saal talak follow kari. Uu aapan memoirs me likhis hae: "My first colonel, Pétain, taught me the art of command".[18][17]
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ "1890: l'acte de naissance de Charles de Gaulle" [1890: Charles de Gaulle's birth certificate]. Lille Municipal Archives. 4 February 2016. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fenby, Jonathan (2010). The General: Charles De Gaulle and the France He Saved. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84737-392-2.
- 1 2 Crawley, Aidan (1969). De Gaulle: A Biography. Bobbs-Merrill Co.. ISBN 978-0-00-211161-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=WBogAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- 1 2 Ledwidge p. 6
- ↑ Frans Debrabandere: Woordenboek van de familienamen in België en Noord-Frankrijk, L.J. Veen, 2003.
- ↑ David Schoenbrun, The Three Lives of Charles de Gaulle (1966)
- 1 2 Alan Pedley (1996) As Mighty as the Sword: A Study of the Writings of Charles de Gaulle. pp. 170–72. Intellect Books; ISBN 978-0950259536.
- 1 2 Lacouture 1991, p. 13
- 1 2 Lacouture 1991, pp. 9–10
- 1 2 Lacouture 1991, pp. 14–15
- 1 2 Lacouture 1991, pp. 16–17
- ↑ Lacouture 1991, p. 16
- ↑ Fenby writes that he did promote him to sergeant at this point, which does not tally with Lacouture and other more detailed accounts
- ↑ "Chronologie 1909–1918". charles-de-gaulle.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ↑ Lacouture 1991, p. 19
- ↑ "Charles de Gaulle". Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- 1 2 Lacouture 1991, p. 21
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "time19590105".