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Charles Darwin

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Charles Darwin
Three quarter length portrait showing Darwin's characteristic large forehead and bushy eyebrows with deep set eyes, pug nose and mouth set in a determined look. He is bald on top, with dark hair and long side whiskers but no beard or moustache. His jacket is dark, with very wide lapels, and his trousers are a light check pattern. His shirt has an upright wing collar, and his cravat is tucked into his waistcoat which is a light fine checked pattern.
Charles Robert Darwin, 1854 me 45 saal ke umar me, jab uu On the Origin of Species pe kaam karat rahaa.
Born12 February 1809(1809-02-12)
Mount House, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
Died19 April 1882 (aged 73)
Down House, Downe, Kent, England
ResidenceEngland
NationalityBritish
FieldsNaturalist
InstitutionsRoyal Geographical Society
Alma materUniversity of Edinburgh
University of Cambridge
Academic advisorsJohn Stevens Henslow
Adam Sedgwick
Known forThe Voyage of the Beagle
On The Origin of Species
Natural selection
InfluencesCharles Lyell
Joseph Dalton Hooker
InfluencedThomas Henry Huxley
George John Romanes
Notable awardsRoyal Medal (1853)
Wollaston Medal (1859)
Copley Medal (1864)
Religious stanceChurch of England, though Unitarian family background, Agnostic after 1851.
Signature
"Charles Darwin", with the last name underlined by a downward curve that mimics the curve of the initial "C"
Notes
He was a grandson of Erasmus Darwin and a grandson of Josiah Wedgwood, and married his cousin Emma Wedgwood.

Charles Robert Darwin (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/[1]12 February 1809 - 19 April 1882 [2]) ek English naturalist, geologist aur jiu vigyanik[3] rahaa jon ki nature ke study karat rahaa. Uske jaada kar ke theory of evolution khatir jaana jaawe hae. Uske ii daawa ki jiu ke sab species ek purwaj se aais hae aur iske aaj-kal fundamental scientific concept maana jaawe hae.[4] Ek joint presentation, Alfred Russel Wallace ke saathe uu aapan vigyanik theory ki branching pattern of evolution ek process se aais hae jiske natural selection bola jaawe hae, jisme jinda rahe ke struggle ke wahii effect hae jon selective breeding me hae.[5] Darwin ke insaan ke itihaas me ek sab se jaada influential jan maana jaawe hae aur iske kaaran uske Westminister Abbey me matti dewa gais rahaa.[6]

Darwin ke jawaani ke time, nature me interest ke kaaran uu aapan doctor ke parrhai University of Edinburgh me dhyan nai diis; iske jagha uu Grant ke marine invertebrates ke investigate kare me madat karis rahaa. Uske parrhai University of Cambridge ke Christ's College me, 1828 se 1831 talak, ke kaaran uske passion natural science me aur barrhaa rahaa.[7] Lekin, uske paanch saal ke yatra Template:HMS me, 1831 se 1836 talak, asliyat me Darwin ke ek eminent geologist establish kar diis rahaa. Use observations anur jon theories uu ii yatra me develop karis rahaa Charles Lyell's concept of gradual geological change ke support karat rahaa. Uske [The Voyage the Beagle|journal of the voyage]] ke kaaran Darwin ek famous aur popular author ban gais rahaa.[8]

Jiwan kahani

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Bachpan ke din aut sikchhaa

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Darwin ke janam Shrewsbury, Shropshire me, 12 February 1809 me, uske palwaar ke ghae, The Mount me bhais rahaa.[9][10] Uu chhe larrkan me se paanchwa rahaa ek dhani society doctor aur financier Robert Darwin aur Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood) ke. Uske aaja aur naana Erasmus Darwin aur Josiah Wedgwood duuno jaana-maana abolitionists rahin. Erasmus Darwin, general concepts of evolution aur common descent ke barrai aapan Zoonomia (1794), ek poetic fantasy of gradual creation including undeveloped ideas anticipating concepts jiske uske potaa expand karis hae.[11]

Three-quarter length portrait of seated boy smiling and looking at the viewer; he has straight, mid-brown hair and wears dark clothes with a large, frilly, white collar; in his lap he holds a pot of flowering plants
1816 ke, saat saal ke Darwin ke ek chalk drawing, ek potted plant ke saathe, Ellen Sharples se. Ii ek hissa haeek double portrait ke jon Darwin ke uske bahini, Catherine ke raathe dekhae hae.

Duuni palwaar jaada kar ke ek Bhagwaan me biswas karat rahin, lekin Wedgwoods Anglicanism ke adopt karat rahin. Robert Darwin, jon ek freethinker rahaa, Charles ke baptise karis rahaa November 1809 me, Anglican St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury me, lekin Charles aur uske bhaiya-bahini local Unitarian Church, aapan maiyaa ke saathe, jaawat rahin. Aath saal ke Charles ke wahii time natural history aur collecting me interest rahaa, jab uu day school, jiske ek preacher chalaat rahaa, ke 1817 me join karis. Uu July me uske maiyaa mar gais rahaa. September 1818 se uu aapan barraa bhaiyaa, Erasmus, ke saathe nagiich ke Anglican Shrewsbury School ek boarder ban ke attend karis rahaa.[12]

Darwin, 1825 ke summer me ek apprentice doctor rahaa, aapan pitaji ke madat karat rahaa, Shropshire ke garib log ke madat kar ke, jiske baad uu jaana-maana University of Edinburgh Medical School me aapan bhaiyaa, Erasmus ke saathe October 1825 me parrhe ke suruu karis rahaa. Darwin ke lectures dull lagat rahaa aur surgery distressing, jiske kaaran uu bahut parrhat nai rahaa.[13] Uu taxidermy sikhis, lagbhag 40 din ke ek-ghantaa ke sessions me, John Edmonstone, ek Black Briton jon Demerara South American rainforest ke rahaa, jiske Charles Waterton parrhais rahaa, aur jab uske Scotland laawa gais tab uske gulaami re rihaa kar dewa gais rahaa.[14][15]

Darwin ke university ke duusra saal me, uu Plinian Society ke join karis rahaa, ek student natural-history group jisme lively debates howat rahaa jisme radical democratic students jiske materialistic views rahaa, challenged orthodox dharmik concept of science ke challenge karaa jaawat rahaa.[16] Uu Robert Edmond Grant ke investigations, anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth me madat karis rahaa, aur 27 March 1827 me Plinian me aapan discovery ki black spores found in oyster shells were the eggs of a skate leech ke present karis rahaa.[17]

1859 copy of Origins of Species

References

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  1. ↑ "Darwin" Archived 18 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine entry in Collins English Dictionary.
  2. ↑ bbc.co.uk
  3. ↑ (Desmond, Moore & Browne 2004).
  4. ↑ Coyne, Jerry A. (2009). Why Evolution is True. Viking. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0-670-02053-9. https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8.
  5. ↑ (Larson 2004, pp. 79–111).
  6. ↑ "Special feature: Darwin 200", New Scientist.
  7. ↑ (Leff 2000, About Charles Darwin).
  8. ↑ (Desmond & Moore 1991, pp. 210, 284–285).
  9. ↑ Desmond, Adrian J. (13 September 2002). "Charles Darwin". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  10. ↑ John H. Wahlert (11 June 2001). "The Mount House, Shrewsbury, England (Charles Darwin)". Darwin and Darwinism. Baruch College. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
  11. ↑ Smith, Homer W. (1952). Man and His Gods. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. pp. 339–340. https://archive.org/details/manhisgods00smit.
  12. ↑ (Desmond & Moore 1991, pp. 12–15);
    (Darwin 1958, pp. 21–25).
  13. ↑ Darwin 1958, pp. 46–48.
  14. ↑ (Darwin 1958, p. 51);
    (Desmond & Moore 2009, pp. 18–26).
  15. ↑ "John Edmonstone: Enslaved Man to (free as a) Bird-Stuffer". nrscotland.gov.uk. National Records of Scotland. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2025.
  16. ↑ Desmond & Moore 1991, pp. 31–34.
  17. ↑ (Browne 1995, pp. 72–88).
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