Chanakya
| Eastern Philosophy | |
|---|---|
Chanakya, Chandragupta Maurya ke court me | |
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Name |
Chanakya |
|
Birth |
340 BCE, Takshashila, India |
|
Death |
293 BCE, Palitaputra, Maurya EMpire |
|
School/tradition |
|
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Influenced |
Chandragupta Maurya |
Chanakya (Sanskrit: चाणक्य |Cāṇakya) (c. 350BC-283BC), jiske Kauyiya aur Visnugupta ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, Chandragupta Maurya ke salaahakaar (adviser) aur prime minister rahaa. Chanakya, Chandragupta ke Maurya Empire banae me madat karis rahaa. Chanakya ke economics ke ek aguwaa (pioneer) maana jaawe hae. Uu aapan bichaar ke Arthashastra me likhis hae.[1]
Chanakya-Chandragupta katha (legend)
[badlo | source ke badlo]
Chanakya ke baare me koi likha gais jaankari nai hae. Uske baare me kahaani duusra barraa-barraa log ke itihaas se aawe hae. Thomas Trautmann Chanakya-Chandragupta katha (legend) ke baare me chaar jagha se jaankari ke baare me batais hae:[2]
- Buddhist version: Mahavamsa (5th-6th cent. CE) aur iske commentary Vamsatthappakasini (Pali bhasa me)
- Jain version: Parishishtaparvan (12th cent. CE) by Hemachandra, jon 1st-8th century sources pe based hae
- Kashmiri version: Kathasaritsagara (11th cent. CE) by Somadeva, Brihat-Katha-Manjari Ksemendra se
- Vishakhadatta's version: Mudrarakshasa (4th-8th cent. CE) , ek Sanskrit play jiske Vishakhadatta likhis rahaa; ii jaada kar ke banaawat hae [3]
Ii chaaro version me, Chanakya ke Nanda king insult karis rahaa, aur uske barbaad kare ke kasam khaais rahaa. Uu Nanda ke hatae ke, uske jagha Chandragupta ke baithais rahaa.
Buddhist version (5th-6th cent. CE)
[badlo | source ke badlo]Chanakya aur Chandragupta ke legend ke Pali bhasa ke Sri Lanka ke Buddhist chronicles me likha gais hae . Iske baare me Dipavamsa, sab se puraana chronicle, me nai likha gais hae.[4] Sab se puraana Buddhist source jon ii legend ke baare me batae hae, Mahavamsa hae, jiske jaada kare ke 5th century aur 6th century ke biich me date karaa jaawe hae. Vamsatthappakasini (jiske Mahvamsa Tika ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae), jon Mahavamsa ke baare me hae, ii legend ke baare me kuchh jaankari de hae. Iske lekhak ke naam nai jaana jaawe hae, aur iske 6th century aur 13th century ke biich me daate karaa jaawe hae.[5] Kuchh aur lekh ii legend ke aur jaankari de hae; jaise, Maha-Bodhi-Vamsa aur Atthakatha me nau Nanda raja ke naam hae jon Chandragupta se pahile rahin.[4][6]
Narrative
[badlo | source ke badlo]Buddhist legend ke anusaar, Nanda emperors jon Chandragupta se pahile rahin, chor rahiin jon raja ban gay rahin. [4] Chanakya (IAST: Cāṇakka in Mahavamsa) ek Brahmin Takkāsila (Takshashila) se rahaa. Uu tiin Vedas ke parrhis rahaa aurrajniti bhi. Uske janam se kutta waala daant rahaa, jiske royalty ke chinh maana jaawat rahaa. Uske maiyaa daraawat rahii ki uu samrat bane ke baad uu aapan maiyaa ke bhuul jaai.[7] Aapn maiyaa ke khusi rakkhe ke khaatir, Chanakya aapan daant ke turr diis rahaa.[8]
Chanakya dekhe me achchhaa nai lagat rahaa, jiske uske tuutaa daant aur tehrraa gorr aur kharaab karat rahaa. Ek din, Samrat Dhana Nanda, Brahmin log ke khaatir dakchhina de waala ceremony organise karis rahaa. Chanakya Pupphapura (Pushpapura) gais rahaa ii ceremony me hissa le ke khaatir. Uske appearance se nakush hoe ke, samrat uske ceremony se baahar dhakelwae diis rahaa. Chanakya gussa me aapan sacred thread ke turr diis aur, samrat ke saraap diis. Samrat uske arrest ke order karis, lekin uu ,ek Ājīvika ke bhaes me bhaag gais. Uu Dhananada ke larrka Pabbata ke aapan dost banais, aur uske protsaan diis ki uu raaj ke palat de. Ek signet ring jiske prince Chanak ke diis rahaa, ke madat se Chanak bhaag gais.[8]
Chanakya Vinjha jangal bhaag gais rahaa. Hian pe uu 800 million sona ke coins (kahapanas) banais rahaa, ek secret technique ke kaam me laae ke, jisse uu 1 coin ke 8 coins kare sakat rahaa. Aapan paise ke lukae ke baad uu ek suitable jan ke khoj me nikla jon Dhana Nanda ke replace karii.[8] Ek din uu dekhis ki larrkan ke ek jhund khele hae, jisme chhotaa Chandragupta (called Chandagutta in Mahavamsa) samrat ke role play karat rahaa, aur duusra larrka logan vassals, ministers, nai to robbers rahin. "robbers" log ke Chandragupta ke saamne laawa jaawat rahaa, jon order karis ki robber log ke haanth aur gorr kaat dewa jaawe , lekin baad me iske fir se jorr de. Chandragupta ke janam ek raaj kare waala pakwaar me bhais rahaa, lekin uske ek sikari paalis rahaa jab uske pitaji ke sarkar palte waala log maae de rahin, aur devata log uske maiyaa ke usse chhorrwae de rahin. Larrkaa ke adbhut taagat ke dekh ke, Chanakya uske foster-father ke 1,000 coin diis aur Chandragupta ke lae gais aapan trade sikhae ke khaatir.[9]
Chanakya dui jan ke Dhana Nanda ke succees kare ke pais rhaa: Pabbata aur Chandragupta. Chanakya duuno ke ek amulet diis rahaa jiske uulog ke ke aapan gatai ke around ek woolen thread se pahina jaawat rahaa. Ek din Chanakya uu logan ke test kare ke nirnay karis. Jab Chandragupta sutaa rahaa, tab uu Pabbata ke bataus ki uu Chandragupta ke woolen thread ke bina uske jagae ke naikaal le, bina uske jagae. Pabbata iske nai kare paais. Kuchh din baad, jabn Pabbata sutaa rahaa, Chanakya Chandragupta ke challenge karis ki uu wahii kaam kare. Chandragupta Pabbata ke murr kaat ke thread ke nikaal liss. Agle saat saal talak, Chanakya Chandragupta ke imperial duties ke khaatir train karis. Jab Chandragupta barraa hoe gais tab, Chanakya aapan lukaawa gais paisa ke khod ke ke army ke banais.[9]
Chanadragupta aur Chanakya ke army Dhana Nanda ke empire ke invade karis, lekin ek haar ke baad disbanded hoe gaian. Jab uu duuno disquise me ghumat rahin tan uulog ek mayaa aur larrkaa ke biich ke baat sunin. Larrka ek cake ke biich ke khaae liis rahaa aur kinaare waala hissa ke biig diis rahaa. Aurat uske daatis ki uu Chandragupta ke rakam khaana khaawe hae, jon empire ke biich waala hissa ke pahile attack karis rahaa, aur border ke gaon ke pahile nai conquer karis rahaa. Chanakya aur Chandragupta aapan mistake ke samjhin. Uulog ek army ke bator ke border ke gaon ke capture kare ke suruu kar diin. Dhire-dhire uu logan empire ke capital Pataliputra (Pāṭaliputta in Mahavamsa) ke nagiich barrhin, jahaan pe uu logan Emperor Dhana Nanda ke maar diin. Chanakya machhua ke batais ki uu paawe ki Dhana Nanda kahaan aapan treasure lukais rahaa. Jaise machhua Chanakya treasure ke location ke batais, Cganakya uske marwae diis. Chanakya, Chandragupta ke nawaa samraat banaisaur ek admii, Paṇiyatappa ke baiatais ki empire se choor logaon ke bhagae.[10]
Chanakya chhotaa-chhhotaa jahar ke uske khaana me milaawat rhaaa ki isse immune hoe jaawe. Chandragupta,jon iske baare me nai jaanat rahaa, aapan khaana ke pregnant empress Durdhara se share karis, jon bachaa paida hoe se khaali saat din bachaa rahaa. Chanakya wahii time aais jab empress jahar waala khaana khaais rahaa. Uu jaanat rahaa ki empress mar jaai aur jin bachchaa paida nai bhais rahaa ke bachae ke nirnay karis. Uu empress ke gatai kaat ke uske pet ke faarr ke bachhchaa ke nikaal diis. Agle saat din talak uu foetus ke bakrri ke pet me rakkhis jiiske har din maara jaawat rahaa. Saat din ke baad Chandragupta ke larrka "paida" bhais rahaa. Uske naam Bindusara rakkhaa gais rhaaa, kaaheki uske dehin me spot rahaas (bindu) bakrii ke khuun ke.[10]
Chanakya ke updesh ke abhi bhi India aur Fiji me quote karaa jaae hae. Uske chhe khaas shlokas hae:
- Aapan len-den me bahut imaandaar nai bano, jaise ki tum jangle me dekhega, siidha perr ke kaat dewaa jaae hae, jab ki tehrra perr kharraa rahe hae.
- Iske baare me sab time socho: sahi samay, sahi dost, sahi jagha, amdani ke sahi saadhan, kharchaa kare ke sahhi tariikaa, aur aap kisse aapan sakti letaa hae.
- Jon koi kharaab nai hoe waala chij ke chhorr ke kharaab hoe waala chij rakkhae hae, uu chij kharaab nai hoe waala ke saathe kharaab hoe waala chij ke bhi haar jaae hae.
- Mahaantaa, achchhaa gun se aae hae, acchhaa pad se nai. Khaali mahal ke chhat pe baithe se kaua (crow) garuda (mythical bird in Hindu and Buddhist culture) nai ban jaae hae.
- Sita ke rakam koi aur sundar aur dayalu aurat nai hoe sake hae. Urvashi ke rakam koi sundar lekin ghamandi (proud) aurat nai hoe sake hae. Admi log me sabse uppar, Karna, ke rakam koi nai hoe sake hae.
- Ii duniya me sab se taagatwar aujaar gyaan (knowledge) hae. Gyaani ke ii dunia me aadar karaa jaae hae. Aapan kul (clan) ke barbaad hoe pe bhi Bali, Krishna aur Ravan ke naam ii dunia me hae, uu log ke gyaan ke kaaran.
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ Trautmann, Thomas R. (1971) (in en). Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text. Brill. https://books.google.com/books?id=v3iDAAAAMAAJ.
- ↑ Namita Sanjay Sugandhi (2008). Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-549-74441-2. https://www.academia.edu/1956032. Retrieved 2024-12-09.
- ↑ Trautmann 1971, p. 43.
- 1 2 3 Trautmann 1971, p. 11.
- ↑ Trautmann 1971, p. 16.
- ↑ Trautmann 1971, pp. 18.
- ↑ Trautmann 1971, p. 12.
- 1 2 3 Trautmann 1971, p. 13.
- 1 2 Trautmann 1971, p. 14.
- 1 2 Trautmann 1971, p. 15.