British Samrajya

British Empire ek global power rahaa jiske territories United Kingdom ke niche rahaa. Ii empire itihaasme me sab se barraa empire rahaa aur aapan uunchai ke time dunia ke ke area me se one quarter ke uppar raj karat rahaa. 458 million people se jaada log British Empire ke niche rahin. Aaj, isme se dher des Commonwealth of Nations ke member hae.

Suruwaat (1497–1583)

British Empire ke suruwaat uu time bhais rahaa jab England aur Scotland alag-alag samrajya (kingdoms) rahin, aur uu time duuno ke alag-alag samraat rahaa. 1496 me, Spain aur Portugal ke overseas exploration ke safaltaa ke baad, King Henry VII of England, John Cabot ke ek expedition lead kare ke batais jisse Northwest Passage to Asia via the North Atlantic, ke paawa jaae sake.^[1] Cabot 1497 me rawaana bhais rahaa, Christopher Columbus ke pahila yatra ke paanch saal baad, aur uu Newfoundland me utris rahaa, jiske uu sochis rahaa ki Asia hae,^[2] aur koi colony basae ke kosis nai karaa gais rahaa. Ek saal baad, Cabot Americas ke khaatir ek aur yatra karis, lekin lautis nai; ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki uske jahaajan ke kon chij bhais rahaa.^[3] Ii sabuut hae ki Bristol ke mariners North America ke shore ke baare me jaanat rahin aur husn ke samundar ke macchrri pakrrat rahin, lekin England ii jagha ke claim nai karis rahaa.^[4]

Americas me English colonies banae ke koi kosis nai karaa gais rahaa jab talak reign of Queen Elizabeth I raani nai banis rahaa, 16th century ke aakhri dassak me.^[5] Ii biich me , Henry VIII ke 1533 Statute in Restraint of Appeals elaan karis rahaa "that this realm of England is an Empire".^[6] Protestant Reformation ke baad England aur Catholic Spain kattar dushman ban gay rahin.^[1] 1562 me, Elizabeth I pirates John Hawkins aur Francis Drake ke protsaan diis ki uu log slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese jahaaj pe, off the coast of West Africa kare^[7] jiske aim rahaa ek Atlantic slave trade ke suruu karnaa. Ii kosis nai chalaa, jaise Anglo-Spanish Wars barrha, Elizabeth I , pirate log ke aapan aashiswaad diis ki uu log aur raids Spanish ports Americas me aur and jahaaj jon Atlantic me lautat rahin, laden with treasure from the New World lae ke, ke attack kare.^[8] Yahii time, jaana-maana lekhak, jaise Richard Hakluyt aur John Dee (jon pahila jan rahaa jon "British Empire" sabd ke kaam me laais rahaa)^[9] England ke aapan Emire banae pe dabao daalay lage rahin. Ii time talak, Amerias ke sab se jaada taagatwar des ban gais rahaa aur Pacific Ocean ke bhi explore kare kagaa rahaa, jab ki Portugal trading posts aur forts ke coasts of Africa aur Brazil se China talak banais rahaa, aur France Saint Lawrence Naddi waala ilaaka ke colony suruu kar diis rahaa, jiske baaad me New France bola jaawat rahaa.^[10]

Jab England Portugal, Spain, aur France se pichchhe rahaa, overseas colonies banae me, England aapan pahila modern colonisation, ke sixteenth-century Ireland, settlements, jiske "plantations" bola jaawat rahaa, English aur Welsh Protestants ke, se suruu karis rahaa. England Ireland ke ek hissa ke pahile colonise kar liis rahaa, Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 ke baad,^[11] lekin English authority kamti hoe gais rahaa kuchh century baad. Elizabeth I ke rajya ke time, ek pattern of conquest aur colonization ke kosis "contemporaneous with and parallel to the first effective of Englishmen in North America" rahaa.^[12] Dher jan jinke Munster plantations ke Ireland me banae ke haanth rahaa, baad me aapan haanth North America ke colonise kare me diin rahaa, khaas kar keek group jiske West Country Men ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.^[13]

England ke overseas colonies (1583–1707)

1578 me, Elizabeth I , Humphrey Gilbert ke patent diis discovery aur overseas exploration ke khaatir.^[14] Wahii saal, Gilbert Caribbean ke khaatir sail katis rahaa, piracy kare ke aur North America me ek colony banae ke khaarir, lekin Atlantic Ocean ke paar kare se pahile ii expedition ke rok dewa gais rahaa.^[15] 1583 me, uu duusra time kosis karis rahaa. Ii time, uu Newfoundland ke islands aur harbours ke formally claim karis rahaa, lekin koi settlers nai rahaa. Gilbert lautate ke time mar gais rahaa aur uske jagha uske bhiyaa, Walter Raleigh liis rahaa, jiske Elizabeth 1584 me aapan patent diis rahaa. Wahii saal baad me, Raleigh Roanoke Colony ke abhi ke North Carolina ke coast pe suruu karis rahaa, lekin supplies ke kami ke kaaran ii asafal rahaa.^[16]

1585 se 1603 talak, England fully conquered Ireland^[17] aur Spain ke naval dominance ke challenge karis rahaa Anglo-Spanish War me, jiske ant me koi nai jiitaa rahaa

1603 me, James VI of Scotland England ke raja banaa raha (as James I) aur 1604 me Treaty of London ke negotiate karis rahaa, jiske kaaran Spain se larrai band hoe gais rahaa. Ii santi ke time, English piracy ke chorr ke aapan colony bane ke suruu karis rahaa.^[18] 17th century me British Empire bane lagaa rahaa, English settlement of North America se aur Caribbean ke chhotaa-chhotaa island me, aur joint-stock companies ke banae ke, khaas kar ke East India Company, administer colonies aur overseas trade ke khaatir. Ii jamaana ke, Thirteen Colonies ke haar talak, American War of Independence ke baad 18th century ke ant me, ke itihaasik log "First British Empire" bole hae.^[19]

Americas, Africa aurgulaam ke trade

England ke suruu me Americas me colony banae ke kosis me suchh safal rahaa aur kuchh nai. 1604 me Guiana me ek colony banae ke kosis asafal rahaa kaaheki sona nai milaa rahaa.^[20] Caribbean islands ke St Lucia (1605) aur Grenada (1609) ke colony bahut din nai chalaa.^[21] 1607 me pahila pakka English settlement ke Jamestown me Captain John Smith banais rahaa, jiske Virginia Company manage karat rahis; 1624 me crown iske uppar sidha control lae liis rahaa, jisse . Colony of Virginia suruu bhais rahaa.^[22] Bermuda ke England claim karis rahaaas 1609 me shipwreck Virginia Company's flagship ke kaaran,^[23] jab attempts to settle Newfoundland jaada kar ke asafal rahaa.^[24] 1620 me, Plymouth ke suruu karaa gais rahaa Puritan religious separatists ke khaatir, jiske baad me Pilgrims ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.^[25] Religious persecution se bhaagna ek khaas kaaran rahaa dher English would-be colonists ke khaatir, trans-Atlantic voyage ke safar kare ke: Maryland ke English Roman Catholics (1634) suruu karis rahaa, Rhode Island (1636) tolerant of all religions ke khaatir rahaa aur Connecticut (1639) Congregationalists ke khaatir. England ke North American holdingske aur barraa karaa gais rahaa, annexation of the Dutch colony of New Netherland ke annexation ke baad, 1664 me, New Amsterdam ke capture ke baad, jiske naam badal ke New York karaa gais rahaa.^[26] Jab ki ii kamti financially successful colonies in the Caribbean ke mukable me, ii sab territories me barraa areas jon kheti khaatir achchhaa rahaa aur isme jaa English emigrants attract bhae rahin, jon temperate mausam ke pasand karat rahin.^[27]

References

1 2 Ferguson 2002, p. 3.
↑ Andrews 1984, p. 45.
↑ Ferguson 2002, p. 4.
↑ Meining, D.W. The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1, Atlantic America, 1492–1800. New Haven: Yale University Press 1986, 24–25
↑ Canny 1998, p. 35.
↑ Koebner 1953, pp. 29–52.
↑ Thomas 1997, pp. 155–158.
↑ Ferguson 2002, p. 7.
↑ Canny 1998, p. 62.
↑ Lloyd 1996, pp. 4–8.
↑ (Canny 1998, p. 7); (Kenny 2006, p. 5).
↑ Canny, Nicholas P. "The Ideology of English Colonization From Ireland to America". The William and Mary Quarterly. Oct. 1973. Vol. 30. No. 4, p. 575
↑ Taylor 2001, pp. 119, 123.
↑ (Andrews 1984, p. 187); "Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578". Avalon Project. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
↑ (Andrews 1984, p. 188); (Canny 1998, p. 63).
↑ Canny 1998, pp. 63–64.
↑ Farrell, Gerard (10 October 2017). "The 'Mere Irish' and the Colonisation of Ulster, 1570–1641." Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-59363-0.
↑ Canny 1998, p. 70.
↑ Canny 1998, p. 34.
↑ Canny 1998, p. 71.
↑ Canny 1998, p. 221.
↑ Andrews 1984, pp. 316, 324–326.
↑ Lloyd 1996, pp. 15–20.
↑ Andrews 1984, pp. 20–22.
↑ James 2001, p. 8.
↑ Lloyd 1996, p. 40.
↑ Ferguson 2002, pp. 72–73.

[FOOTNOTEFerguson20023-1] 1 2 Ferguson 2002, p. 3.

[FOOTNOTEAndrews198445-2] Andrews 1984, p. 45.

[FOOTNOTEFerguson20024-3] Ferguson 2002, p. 4.

[4] Meining, D.W. The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1, Atlantic America, 1492–1800. New Haven: Yale University Press 1986, 24–25

[FOOTNOTECanny199835-5] Canny 1998, p. 35.

[FOOTNOTEKoebner195329–52-6] Koebner 1953, pp. 29–52.

[FOOTNOTEThomas1997155–158-7] Thomas 1997, pp. 155–158.

[FOOTNOTEFerguson20027-8] Ferguson 2002, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTECanny199862-9] Canny 1998, p. 62.

[FOOTNOTELloyd19964–8-10] Lloyd 1996, pp. 4–8.

[11] (Canny 1998, p. 7); (Kenny 2006, p. 5).

[12] Canny, Nicholas P. "The Ideology of English Colonization From Ireland to America". The William and Mary Quarterly. Oct. 1973. Vol. 30. No. 4, p. 575

[FOOTNOTETaylor2001119,_123-13] Taylor 2001, pp. 119, 123.

[14] (Andrews 1984, p. 187); "Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578". Avalon Project. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

[15] (Andrews 1984, p. 188); (Canny 1998, p. 63).

[FOOTNOTECanny199863–64-16] Canny 1998, pp. 63–64.

[17] Farrell, Gerard (10 October 2017). "The 'Mere Irish' and the Colonisation of Ulster, 1570–1641." Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-59363-0.

[FOOTNOTECanny199870-18] Canny 1998, p. 70.

[FOOTNOTECanny199834-19] Canny 1998, p. 34.

[FOOTNOTECanny199871-20] Canny 1998, p. 71.

[FOOTNOTECanny1998221-21] Canny 1998, p. 221.

[FOOTNOTEAndrews1984316,_324–326-22] Andrews 1984, pp. 316, 324–326.

[FOOTNOTELloyd199615–20-23] Lloyd 1996, pp. 15–20.

[FOOTNOTEAndrews198420–22-24] Andrews 1984, pp. 20–22.

[FOOTNOTEJames20018-25] James 2001, p. 8.

[FOOTNOTELloyd199640-26] Lloyd 1996, p. 40.

[FOOTNOTEFerguson200272–73-27] Ferguson 2002, pp. 72–73.

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