American Civil War

American Civil War United States me 1861 se 1865 talak larraa gais rahaa . Gyrah southern gulaam ke rakkhe waala states ek hoe ke, jiske Confederate States of America (CSA) bola jaawat rahaa, ajaadi ke khatir United States ke sarkar ke larris rahaa. Uu logan "the Union" se larrin rahaa, jon ki U.S. federal government rahaa jiske aur sab state support karat rahaa. Union States (jiske kabhi kabhi "the North" bola jaawat rahaa) uu sab state rahaa jahan pe slavery legal nai rahaa.

Lincoln ke election

Abraham Lincoln 1860 presidential election ke jiit gais rahaa.^[1] Southern states ke neta log ke ii dar rahaa ki Lincoln gulami ke barrhe nai di aur uske kaaram AMerica me gulami khalaas hoe jaai.^[2] Uske jiit ke kaaran America ke Southern ilaaka ke saat state America se alag hoe gain. Ii sab state ke riverfront, nai to coastal economies cotton be based rahaa jisme Afica se laawa gais gulaam kaam karat rahin.

Lincoln ke 4 March 1861 me sapat delaawa gais rahaa, uske election ke chaar mahina baad, jisse South ke larrai ke khaatir taiyaar kare ke time mila rahaa. ^[3] North ke Nationalist aur South ke "Unionists" declarations of secession ke maanataa nai de rahin, aur koi baahar ke des Confederacy ke recognise nai kare rahin. TUS sarkar, President James Buchanan ke niche, des ke forts ke chorre se inkaar kar diis rahaa, jon Confederacy daawa karat rahaa ki uulog ke ilaaka me rahaa.

Lincoln ke anusaar, America ke log ii dekhae rahin, American Revolution aur Revolutionary War me jiit ke baad aur baad me ek ajaad des ke achchhaa se chalaana , ii dekhis rahaa ki uu log ek republis ke banae ke chalae sake hae. Fi bhi, Lincoln ii biswas karat rahaa ki: Could the nation be maintained as a republic, with its government selected by vote of the people, in the face of internal attempts to destroy it or separate from it?^[4]

Larrai ke suruwaat

Alag hoe ke sankatkaal

Lincoln ke election jiite ke kaaran South Carolina ke legislature ek state convention balais rahaa jisse Union se alag hoe ke discuss karaa jaae sake. South Carolina aur sab stste se jaada ii notion ke advance karat rahin ki ek state ke Union se nikle ke puura adhikaar rahaa. 20 December 1860 me, convention ke sab log vote karin ki South Carolina Union se alag hoe jaae. Uulog argue karin ki, states ke gulam rakkhe ke adhikaar rahaa, lekin complain karin ki North state ke adhikaar ke nai support karat rahaa, kaaheki federal Fugitive Slave Act ke uulog follow nai karat rahin, jisme uu logan ke South se bhaage waala gulam ke lautare ke rahaa. "Cotton states", jisme Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, aur Texas rahaa, Souh Carolina ke pichhe January aur February 1861 me Union se nikal gay rahin.^[3]

Ordinances of secession me, Texas, Alabama, aur Virginia "slaveholding states" ke plight ke Northern abolitionists ke niche, likha gais rahaa. Baaki state gulami ke baare me zikar nai kare rahin brief announcements by the legislatures of the dissolution of ties to the Union.^[5] Lekin kamti-se-kamti chaar—South Carolina,^[6] Mississippi,^[7] Georgia,^[8] aur Texas^[9]—detailed kaaran de rahin uulog ke alag hoe ke kaaran, sab gulami ke band kare ke aur North pe iske influence, ke kaaran de rahin. Southern states ii biswas karat rahin ki Fugitive Slave Clause slaveholding ke ek constitutional right bnae diis rahaa. Ii sab stae ek nawaa federal government, the Confederate States of America, ke 4 February 1861 me banae rahiaur duusra properties jn uulogan ke ilaaka me rahaa ke aapan niche kar le rahin, jisme retire hoe waala president James Buchanan, jiske term March 4 me expire bhais rahaa, kuchh nai karis rahaa. Buchanan ii bolis rahaa ki Dred Scott decision proof rahaa ki Southern states ke Union se nikle ke koi kaaran nai rahaa aur Union "was intended to be perpetual". He ii bhi bolis ki "States ke Union me rake ke force of arms se compel karaa jaawe, uu power rahaa jiske Congress sarkar ke nai diis rahaa. ^[10] US army ke 25%—the Texas garrison—ke uske general state forces ke aage surrender hoe gais rahaa aur iske general, David E. Twiggs baad me Confederacy ke join kar liis rahaa.^[11]

Jon saatn Southern states Union se nikle rahin ke baare me itihasik, James McPherson likhis hae, "Gulam log Confederate states ke abaadi ke 47% rahin lekin upper South ke khaali 24 percent."^[12] Uu ii bhi batais hae, "Chaarr border states me gulam ke proportion aur slaveowners ke eleven states that seceded ke aadha rahaa."^[13] Eastern Tennessee aur western Virginia me kamti gulami rahaa aur Union ke khaatir jaada support dekhae rahin, baaki Confederacy ke mukable me. West Virginia baaki Virginiake chhorr ke Union ke joi kar liis gulami ke issue ke kaaran. Even within Virginia aur Tennessee, which had seceded, McPherson likhia rahaa, "The voters in 35 Virginia counties with a slave population of only 2.5 percent opposed secession by a margin of three to one, while voters in the remainder of the state, where slaves constituted 36 percent of the population, supported secession by more than ten to one. The thirty counties of east Tennessee that rejected secession by more than two to one contained a slave population of only 8 percent, while the rest of the state, with a slave population of 30 percent, voted for secession by a margin of seven to one."^[14]

Duusra websites

The Civil War Home Page Archived 2008-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
Archived 2021-05-05 at the Wayback Machine

References

↑ Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976, p. 485.
↑ McPherson 1988, pp. 254–255.
1 2 "1861 Time Line". Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
↑ Jaffa, Harry V. (2004). A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8476-9953-7.
↑ "Ordinances of Secession of the 13 Confederate States of America". Archived from the original on June 11, 2004. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
↑ "Confederate States of America – Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union". The Avalon Project. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
↑ "A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union". The Avalon Project. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
↑ "Confederate States of America – Georgia Secession". The Avalon Project. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
↑ "Confederate States of America – A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union". The Avalon Project. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Buchanan1860".
↑ Winters 1963, p. 28.
↑ McPherson 1988, p. 255.
↑ McPherson 1988, p. 284.
↑ McPherson 1988, pp. 283-284.

[FOOTNOTEPotterFehrenbacher1976485-1] Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976, p. 485.

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988254–255-2] McPherson 1988, pp. 254–255.

[NegativesPrints-3] 1 2 "1861 Time Line". Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.

[4] Jaffa, Harry V. (2004). A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8476-9953-7.

[5] "Ordinances of Secession of the 13 Confederate States of America". Archived from the original on June 11, 2004. Retrieved November 28, 2012.

[6] "Confederate States of America – Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union". The Avalon Project. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2012.

[7] "A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union". The Avalon Project. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2012.

[8] "Confederate States of America – Georgia Secession". The Avalon Project. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2012.

[9] "Confederate States of America – A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union". The Avalon Project. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2012.

[Buchanan1860-10] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Buchanan1860".

[FOOTNOTEWinters196328-11] Winters 1963, p. 28.

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988255-12] McPherson 1988, p. 255.

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988284-13] McPherson 1988, p. 284.

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988283-284-14] McPherson 1988, pp. 283-284.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]