Akbar
| Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar | |
|---|---|
| Mughal Emperor | |
 | |
| Reign | 1556 to 1609 |
| Full name | Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar I |
| Titles | His Majesty Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Imam-i-'Adil, Sultan ul-Islam Kaffatt ul-Anam, Amir ul-Mu'minin, Khalifat ul-Muta'ali Sahib-i-Zaman, Padshah Ghazi Zillu'llah 'Arsh-Ashyani, Emperor of India) |
| Born | 25 October 1542 |
| Birthplace | Umarkot Fort, Sind |
| Died | 27 October 1605 (aged 63) |
| Place of death | Fatehpur Sikri, Agra |
| Buried | Bihishtabad Sikandra, Agra |
| Predecessor | Humayun |
| Successor | Nuruddin Salim Jahangir |
| Offspring | Jahangir, 5 other sons and 6 daughters |
| Royal House | House of Timur |
| Dynasty | Mughal |
| Father | Humayun |
| Mother | Nawab salim Banu Begum Sahiba |
| Religious beliefs | Din-i-Ilahi |
Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar[1] (15 October 1542 - 27 October 1605, jiske jaada kar ke Akbar the Great, nai to Akbar I, ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, tiisra Mughal samraat rahaa, jon 1556 se 1605 talak raj karis rahaa. Akbar aapan pitaji, Humayun ke maut ke baad samraat banaa jab uu khaali 14 saal ke rahaa. Suruu me uske regent Bairam Khan ke madat se uu India bhar me Mughal raj ke taagat ke majbuut karis.
Bachpan ke din
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Mughal Emperor Humayun ke haar Chausa (1539) aur Kannauj (1540) by the forces of Sher Shah Suri ke baad, Humayun bhaag ke abhi ke Sindh me rahaa.[2] Huan pe uu 14 saal ke Hamida Banu Begum, Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, ek Persian teacher jon Humayun ke chhotaa bhaiyaa Hindal Mirza ke parrhaat rahaa, se milaa aur saadi karis. Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar ke janamm agle saal, 15 October 1542 ke bhais rahaa ( Rajab, 949 AH ke paanchwa din me)[3]Rajput Fortress Amarkot ke Rajputana (in modern-day Sindh) me, jahaan pe uske mai-baap ke Hindu ruler Rana Prasad, sharan diis rahaa.[4]
Humayun ke exile ke time, Akbar Kabul me, aapan chaacha log, Kamran Mirza aur Askari Mirza, aur chaachi, khaas kar ke, Kamran Mirza ke aurat, ke ghare barraa bhais rahaa. Akbar aapan jawaani me shikaar khele, daurre, larre sikhis rahaa, lekin uu kabhi parrhe likhe nai sikhis rahaa. Aur raat ke sute se pahile koi jan uske khaatir parrhat rahaa. [5][6] 20 November 1551 me, Humayun ke sab se chhota bhaiyaa, Hindal Mirza, mar gais rahaa ek larrai me Kamran Mirza ke fauj ke virod me. Aapan bhaiyaa ke maut ke sandes sun ke Humayun was overwhelmed with grief.[7]
Lagbhag yahii time, nau saal ke Akbar Ghazni ke Governor banaa rahaa, jahaan uu Hindal ke larrki, Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, uske pahila aurat, se saadi karis rahaa.[8] Humayun Akbar ke Hindal ke sena ke command diis rahaa aur uu duunu praani ke Hindal ke puuraa daulat diis rahaa.[9] Akbar ke saadi Ruqaiya se, ke Jalandhar, Punjab me soleminise karaa gais raha, jab duuno 14 saal ke rahin. [10]
Sher Shah Suri ke larrkaa Islam Shah ke succession ke problem ke kaaran, Humayun Delhi ke 1555 me fir se conquer kar liis,[11] jisme uu jon army ke lead karis rahaa usme se ek hissa uske Persian ally Tahmasp I, ke rahaa. Kuchh mahina baad Humayun mar gais. Akbar ke guardian, Bairam Khan, uske maut ke baare me koi ke nai batais jisse ki Akbar ke raaj=gaddi sambhaale ke time mile. Akbar Humayun ke 14 February 1556 me succeed karis rahaa,[12] jab uu Sikandar Shah jon Mughal throne ke reclaim kare ke kosis karat rahaa, virodh me larrai karat rahaa. Kalanaur, Punjab me, 14 saal ke Akbar ke Bairam Khan raaj-gaddi pe baithais rahaa, ek nawaa banaawa gais platform pe (jon abhi talak kharrraa hae. [13][14]) aur uske Shahanshah (Persian for "King of Kings") banaawa gais rahaa.[12] Bairam Khan uske behalf me raaj karis jab talak uu barraa nai bhais rahaa.[15]
Ancestry
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Military campaigns
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Military innovations
[badlo | source ke badlo]Akbar ke military campaigns Indian subcontinent me Mughal ke raaj ke consolidate karis rahaa.[12][18] Akbar mansabdari system me organisational badlao laais rahaa, jisse uua hierarchical scale of military a curivil ranks ke suruu karis rahaa.[19]
Organisational reformsme rahaa cannons ke kaam me laana, fortifications, aur haanthi ke kaam me laana.[18] Akbar matchlocks me interest liis rahaa aur dher larrai me iske kam me laais rahaa. Uu Ottomans, aur Europeans, khaas kar ke Portuguese aur Italians se nadat lae ke, nawaa firearms aur artillery kharidis rahaa.[20][21] Akbar ke vizier Abul Fazl ek dafe bolis rahaa ki "with the exception of Turkey, there is perhaps no country in which its guns has more means of securing the Government than [India]."[22] Scholars aur historians "gunpowder empire" ke naam kaam me laae ke Mughals ke India me vijeta, ke kaaran batae rahin.[23]
North India
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Akbar ke abba Humayun, Punjab, Delhi, aur Agra ke Safavid support se, aapan niche kar liis rahaa, lekin Mughal raaj ekdam achchhaa se jamaa nai rahaa, jab Akbar raajgaddi sambhalis rahaa. Jab Surs fir se Agra aur Delhi ke conquer kare rahin, Humayun ke maut ke baad, Akbar ke kamti umar aur kamti military assistance Mughal ke stronghold Kabul se - jon uu time apne ek invasion ruler of Badakhshan ke roke ke kosis karat rahaa - situation ke aur kharaab kar diis rahaa.[24] Jab uske regent, Bairam Khan, council of war balais rahaa, Mughal forces ke batore ke khaatir, Akbar ke koi commander approve nai karis rahaa. Bairam Khan, ant me nobles log ke persude kar ke sab se tagrraa Sur ruler, Sikandar Shah Suri, Punjab me, ke virodh me larrai suruu karis rahaa. Delhi ke Tardi Baig Khan ke regency ke niche chhorr dewa gais rahaa.[24] Sikandar Shah Suri, jiske army kamjor hoe gais rahaa pahile ke haara gais larrai ke kaaran, pichhe hat gais rahaa, jaise Mughal army aage barrhaa..[25][26]
Timeline
[badlo | source ke badlo]- 25 October 1542 - Janam Rajput Fortress, Umarkot , Sindh me bhais rahaa jahan pe uske abba Sher Shah se luka rahaa.
- 14 February 1556 - Akbar ke Mughal ke Shahanshah banawa gais.
- 5 November 1556 - Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya ke harae ke Delhi ke aapn niche kar liis.
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ Ballhatchet, Kenneth A. (31 March 2023). "Akbar". Encyclopædia Britannica (in English). Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ↑ (Banerji 1938, pp. 253–254)
- ↑ "Akbar I". World Encyclopedia (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2014 [2004]. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-954609-1. OCLC 150655825. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- ↑ (Smith 1917, pp. 12–19)
- ↑ (Abul Fazl 'Allami 1873)
- ↑ (Smith 1917, p. 22)
- ↑ (Erskine 1854, pp. 403, 404)
- ↑ (Mehta 1984, p. 189)
- ↑ (Ferishta 1909, p. 169)
- ↑ (Eraly 2000, pp. 123, 272)
- ↑ (Nature 1942, pp. 600–601)
- 1 2 3 "Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor", India Today, 27 October 2016. (in en)
- ↑ "Gurdas". Government of Punjab. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
- ↑ "About District". Gurdaspur District. Archived from the original on 2 August 2005. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ↑ (Smith 2002, p. 337)
- ↑ (Thackeray & Findling 2012, p. 254)
- ↑ Schwatzberg, Joseph E. (1992). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. pp. Plate VI.A (p.44–46) and XIV.4 (p.148). http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/.
- 1 2 (Lal 2005, p. 140)
- ↑ (Kulke 2004, p. 205)
- ↑ (Schimmel 2004, p. 88)
- ↑ (Richards 1996, p. 288)
- ↑ (Elgood 1995, p. 135)
- ↑ (Gommans 2002, p. 134)
- 1 2 (Eraly 2000, pp. 118–124)
- ↑ (Majumdar 1974, p. 104)
- ↑ (Muzaffar et al. 2022, p. 119)
