"Athens" ke source dekho

{{Infobox City
|official_name          = Athens
|native_name            = Αθήνα
|nickname               = 
|motto                  = 
|image_skyline          = Parthenon from West with deep blue sky.jpg
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = Athens me Parthenon
|image_flag             = 
|image_seal             = 
|image_map              = Athens map.png
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = Athens ke location
|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name       = [[Greece]]
|subdivision_type1      = Periphery
|subdivision_name1      = Attica
|subdivision_type2      = Prefecture
|subdivision_name2      = Athens
|leader_title           = Mayor
|leader_name            = Nikitas Kaklamanis
|leader_title1          =  <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
|leader_name1           = 
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           = 
|established_title      =  <!-- Settled -->
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     =  <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     =  <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3      = 
|area_magnitude         = 
|area_total             = 38.96
|TotalArea_sq_mi        = 15
|area_land              = 
|LandArea_sq_mi         = 
|area_water             = 
|WaterArea_sq_mi        = 
|area_water_percent     = 
|area_urban             = 
|UrbanArea_sq_mi        = 
|area_metro             = 411.72
|MetroArea_sq_mi        = 159
|abaadi_as_of       = 2001
|abaadi_note        = 
|abaadi_total       = 745,514
|abaadi_density     = 19,133 
|abaadi_density_mi2 = 49,555 
|abaadi_metro       = 3,758,000
|abaadi_density_metro_km2 = 9,128
|abaadi_density_metro_mi2 = 23,640
|abaadi_urban       = 
|timezone               = Eastern European Time
|utc_offset             = +2
|timezone_DST           = Eastern European Summer Time
|utc_offset_DST         = +3
|latd= 37|latm=58 |lats= |latNS=N
|longd= 23|longm= 43|longs= |longEW=E
|elevation              = 70 - 338 
|elevation_ft           = 230 - 1109 
|postal_code_type       = Postal code
|postal_code            = 10x xx, 11x xx, 120 xx
|website                = [http://www.cityofathens.gr|www.cityofathens.gr]
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''Athens''', [[Greece]] ke [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Ii dunia ke ek sab se jaada jaana maana city hae. Ii city ke naam [[Athena]] se aais hae, jon ki Greek mythology me goddess of war aur wisdom hae.   Athens ke [[abaadi]] tiin million log se jaada hae.

== Athens ke itihaas ==
Greece ke attica jagah me bahut pahile se basti hae lekin ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki kab usme se ek apne ke Athens bole lagaa. Plato ke writing me Greece ke naam ke 9600 BC se batawa jaawe hae. 

== Jagha ==
[[File:Athene-sat.JPG|thumb|View of the ''Attica Basin'' from space.]]

Athens, Attica ke central plains me hae, jiske west me  Mount Aegaleo, north me  Mount Parnitha, northeast me Mount Penteli aur east me  Mount Hymettus hae.<ref name="Focus on Athens">{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanheatisland.info/images/newsletter/UHI_newsletter_Issue_1.pdf | title=Focus on Athens| accessdate=18 March 2011 | work=UHI Quarterly Newsletter, Issue 1, May 2009, page 2|publisher=www.urbanheatisland.info}}</ref> 
Athens kuchh pahaarr pe banaa hae. is built around a number of hills. [[Mount Lycabettus|Lycabettus]] is one of the tallest hills of the city proper and provides a view of the entire Attica Basin. The geomorphology of Athens is deemed to be one of the most complex in the world due to its mountains and causes a [[inversion (meteorology)|temperature inversion]] phenomenon which, along with the failure of the Greek Government to control industrial pollution, is responsible for the air pollution problems the city has recently faced.<ref name=tung/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minenv.gr/1/12/122/12204/e1220400.html |work=Hellenic Ministry of the Environment and Public Works |title=Daily Report on Air Pollution Levels |accessdate=26 January 2007 |publisher=www.minenv.gr}}</ref> This issue is not characteristic of Athens alone; for intsance, [[Los Angeles]] and [[Mexico City]] also suffer from similar geomorphology inversion problems.<ref name=tung>{{cite book |last=Tung |first=Anthony |chapter=The City the Gods Besieged |title=Preserving the World's Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis |year=2001 |location=New York |publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=0-609-80815-X |page=266}}</ref>

=== Mausam ===
Athens ke mausam ke khaas feature iihae ki hian pe chaahe  lambaa, jhuura summer nai ti saadharan, bhija winter rahe hae.<ref>Founda D. (2011). "Evolution of the air temperature in Athens and evidence of climatic change: A review". Advances in Bulding Energy Research, 5,1, 7-41, http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/earthscan/aber/2011/00000005/00000001/art00001.</ref> Hian pe saal bhar ke barsaat ke biich waala [[aankrraa]] (average) {{convert|414.1|mm|in}} hae, jon ki jaada kar ke October aur april ke mahina ke biich me gire hae.  July aur August sab se jhuura mahina hae, jab ke baadal, mahina me khaali ek nai to dui time garrje hae.  Winters, kuchh thanda rahe hae aur paani barse hae, aur January ke  average {{convert|8.9|C|1}} hae; [[Nea Filadelfeia]] me aur{{convert|10.3|C|1}}  [[Hellinikon]]me. Hian pe barf bahut kamtii gire hae, lekin jab ii gire hae tab logan ke rahan sahan me bahut baadha pahunche hae. .<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12674491 visited may 6, 2011]</ref>

[[Parnitha|Mount Parnitha]], AThens ke uppar ek [[rainshadow]] bichhae he, jiske kaaran hian pe paani, des ke dusra jagha se kamtii rahe hae. July me sab se jaada average garmi {{convert|33.5|C|1}} [[Nea Filadelfeia]] weather station me naapa gais hae, lekin city ke aur duusra jagha aur jaada garam rahe hae, jaada kar ke city ke western hissa jahaan pe dher industry hae.  <ref>Κωνσταντίνος Μαυρογιάννης, Αθήναι (1981).''Παρατηρήσεις επί του κλίματος των Αθηνών και της ενεργείας αυτού επί της ζωϊκής οικονομίας'' σελ 29.</ref><ref>http://www.eib.org/attachments/pipeline/20090584_eia_el.pdf</ref><ref>Giannopoulou K., Livada I., Santamouris M., Saliari M., Assimakopoulos M., Caouris Y.G. (2011). "On the characteristics of the summer urban heat island in Athens, Greece". Sustainable Cities and Society, 1, pp. 16-28.</ref> Athens ke temperatures  city's ke heatwaves ke time {{convert|38|°C|°F|0}} se jaada rahe hae.<ref name="Focus on Athens"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/08/29/esa.helps.make.summer.city.more.bearable|title=European Space Agency to help Athens become bearable in summer |accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref> 

Athens city me [[urban heat island]] ke bhi asar rahe hae jiske kaaran insaan ke kartutu hae,<ref>Giannakopoulos C., Hatzai M., Kostopoulou E., McCarty M., Goodess C. (2010). "The impact of climate change and urban heat islands on the occurrence of extreme events in cities. The Athens case". Proc. of the 10th International Conference on Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics, Patras, Greece, May 25th–28th, 2010, pp. 745–752.</ref><ref name="esciencenews.com">{{cite web|url=http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/08/29/esa.helps.make.summer.city.more.bearable|title=European Space Agency ESA helps make summer in the city more bearable|accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref> altering its temperatures compared to the surrounding rural areas,<ref name="Katsoulis B.D. 1985">Katsoulis B.D., Theoharatos G.A. (1985). "Indications of the Urban Heat Island in Athens, Greece". Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 24, Issue 12, pp.1296–1302</ref><ref>Stathopoulou M., Cartalis C., Andritsos A. (2005)."Assessing the thermal environment of major cities in Greece". International Conference "Passive and Low Energy Cooling for the Built Environment", May 2005, Santorini, Greece, pp. 108–112.</ref><ref>Kassomenos P.A. and Katsoulis B.D. (2006). "Mesoscale and macroscale aspects of the morning Urban Heat Island around Athens, Greese", Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 94, pp. 209–218.</ref><ref>Santamouris M., Papanikolaou N., Livada I., Koronakis I., Georgakis A., Assimakopoulos D.N. (2001). "On the impact of urban climate on the energy consumption of buildings". Solar Energy, 70 (3): pp. 201–216.</ref> that has detrimental effects on energy usage, expenditure for cooling,<ref>Santamouris M. (1997). "Passive Cooling and Urban Layout". Interim Report, POLIS Research Project, European Commission, Directorate General for Science, Research and Development.> and human wellbeing and health.</ref><ref>Santamouris M., Papanikolaou I., Livada I., Koronakis C., Georgakis C, Assimakopoulos D.N. (2001). "On the impact of Urban Climate to the Energy Consumption of Buildings". Solar Energy, 70, 3, pp. 201–216.</ref> and health.<ref name="esciencenews.com"/> The urban heat island of the city has been found partially responsible also for alterations of the climatological temperature time-series of specific Athens meteorological stations due to its impact on the temperatures and the temperatures trends recorded by some meteorological stations.<ref>Katsoulis B. (1987). "Indications of change of climate from the Analysis of air temperature time series in Athens, Greece". Climatic Change, 10, 1, pp- 67–79.</ref><ref>Repapis C. C, Metaxas D. A. (1985). "The Possible influence of the urbanization in Athens city on the air temperature climatic fluctuations at the National Observatory". Proc. of the 3rd Hellenic-British Climatological Congress, Athens, Greece 17–21 April 1985, pp.188–195.</ref><ref>Philandras C.M, Metaxas D.A., Nastos P.T. (1999). "Climate variability and Urbanization in Athens". Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol. 63, Issue 1–2, pp.65–72.</ref><ref>Philandras C.M, Nastos P.T. (2002). "The Athens urban effect on the air temperature time series of the National Observatory of Athens and New Philadelphia stations". Proc. of the 6th Hellenic Conference on Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics, Ioannina Greece, 25–28 September 2002, pp.501–506.</ref><ref>Repapis C.C., Philandras C.M., Kalabokas P.D., Zerefos C.S. (2007). "Is the last years abrupt warming in the National Observatory of Athens records a Climate Change Manifestation?". Global NEST Journal, Vol 9, No 2, pp. 107–116.</ref> On the other hand specific meteorological stations such as the National Garden station and Thiseio meteorological station are less affected or do not experience the urban heat island<ref name="Katsoulis B.D. 1985"/><ref>Livada I., Santamouris M., Niachou K., Papanikolaou N., Mihalakakou G. (2002). "Determination of places in the great Athens area where the heat island effect is observed". Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 71, Numbers 3–4, 219–230.</ref>

Athens holds the [[World Meteorological Organisation]] record for the highest temperature ever being recorded in Europe of {{convert|48.0|C|F|1}} which was recorded in [[Eleusina|Elefsina]] and Tatoi suburbs of Athens on 10 July 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/europe-highest-temperature|title=Europe's highest temperature|accessdate=3 April 2009|archive-date=29 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629061515/http://wmo.asu.edu/europe-highest-temperature|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Below are the meteorological data for the northern suburb of Nea Filadelfeia

{{Weather box
|location = Athens
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 12.5
|Feb high C = 13.5
|Mar high C = 15.7
|Apr high C = 20.2
|May high C = 26.0
|Jun high C = 31.1
|Jul high C = 33.5
|Aug high C = 33.2
|Sep high C = 29.2
|Oct high C = 23.3
|Nov high C = 18.1
|Dec high C = 14.1
|year high C = 22.5
|Jan mean C = 8.9
|Feb mean C = 9.5
|Mar mean C = 11.2
|Apr mean C = 14.9
|May mean C = 20.0
|Jun mean C = 24.7
|Jul mean C = 27.2
|Aug mean C = 27.0
|Sep mean C = 23.3
|Oct mean C = 18.4
|Nov mean C = 14.0
|Dec mean C = 10.5
|year mean C = 17.4
|Jan low C = 5.2
|Feb low C = 5.4
|Mar low C = 6.7
|Apr low C = 9.6
|May low C = 13.9
|Jun low C = 18.2
|Jul low C = 20.8
|Aug low C = 20.7
|Sep low C = 17.3
|Oct low C = 13.4
|Nov low C = 9.8
|Dec low C = 6.8
|year low C = 12.3
|Jan precipitation mm = 56.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 46.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 40.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 30.8
|May precipitation mm = 22.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 10.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 5.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 6.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 13.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 52.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 58.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 69.1
|year precipitation mm = 414.1
|Jan precipitation days = 12.6
|Feb precipitation days = 10.4
|Mar precipitation days = 10.2
|Apr precipitation days = 8.1
|May precipitation days = 6.2
|Jun precipitation days = 3.7
|Jul precipitation days = 1.9
|Aug precipitation days = 1.7
|Sep precipitation days = 3.3
|Oct precipitation days = 7.2
|Nov precipitation days = 9.7
|Dec precipitation days = 12.1
|year precipitation days = 87.1
|Jan sun = 130.2
|Feb sun = 139.2
|Mar sun = 182.9
|Apr sun = 231.0
|May sun = 291.4
|Jun sun = 336.0
|Jul sun = 362.7
|Aug sun = 341.0
|Sep sun = 276.0
|Oct sun = 207.7
|Nov sun = 153.0
|Dec sun = 127.1
|year sun = 2778.2
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]] ([[United Nations|UN]]),<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.worldweather.org/063/c00177.htm
 |title=Weather Information for Athens
 |accessdate=}}</ref> [[Hong Kong Observatory]]<ref>[http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/athens_e.htm "Climatological Information for Athens, Greece"] – Hong Kong Observatory</ref> <small>for data of sunshine hours</small>
|date=August 2010
}}

== Ghatna ==
* [[1896]] - Olympic Games 
* [[2004]] - Olympic Games 

== Chapa ke gallery ==
<gallery>
File:The Parthenon at the Acropolis in 2004.jpg|Acropolis
File:Olympian Stadium in Athens.JPG|Athens ke Olympic Stadium
File:Old Greek parliament hall.jpg|Athens me museum
File:Athens burning02.jpg|Athens me aagi
</gallery>

== References ==

<references />
{{reflist}}

== Duusra websites ==
* [http://www.cityofathens.gr City of Athens official website]
* [http://www.athensinfoguide.com/gallery.htm Photos of Athens]
* [http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?pageID=54&la=eng An Online History of Athens]
* [http://www.greece-travel-guide.net/ Athens travel guide]
* [http://athens.arounder.com/ Athens Virtual Tour]
<!-- interwiki -->

[[Category:Greece]]
[[Category:Capital cities]]