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00:38, 28 Navambar 2009 ke badlao

Har saal Nobel Prizes dher area me dewa jjawe hae.Ii area hae Literature, Science aur Peace. Nobel Prize ke Alfred Nobel ke baad naam deewa gais hae. Iske dunia me sab se uppar waala proze maana jaawe hae.

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences bhi Alfred Nobel ke yaad me dewa jjawe hae, aur kabhi kabhi iske Nobel Prize in Economics bola jaawe hae, lekin ii Nobel ke will ke hissa nai hae. Iske 1969 me Bank of Sweden suruu karis rahaa. Ii proize ke aur Nobel Prize ke ssathe dewa jjawe hae.

Prize categories and winners

Physics me nobel prize jiite waala[1] (decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

Year Name
1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
1902 Hendrik A. Lorentz + Pieter Zeeman
1903 Henri Becquerel + Pierre Curie + Marie Curie
1904 Lord Rayleigh
1905 Philipp Lenard
1906 J.J. Thomson
1907 Albert A. Michelson
1908 Gabriel Lippmann
1909 Guglielmo Marconi + Ferdinand Braun
1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1911 Wilhelm Wien
1912 Gustaf Dalén
1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1914 Max von Laue
1915 William Bragg + Lawrence Bragg
1916 No prize awarded
1917 Charles Glover Barkla
1918 Max Planck
1919 Johannes Stark
1920 Charles Edouard Guillaume
1921 Albert Einstein
1922 Niels Bohr
1923 Robert A. Millikan
1924 Manne Siegbahn
1925 James Franck + Gustav Hertz
1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin
1927 Arthur H. Compton + C.T.R. Wilson
1928 Owen Willans Richardson
1929 Louis de Broglie
1930 Venkata Raman
1931 No prize awarded
1932 Werner Heisenberg
1933 Erwin Schrödinger + Paul A.M. Dirac
1934 No prize awarded
1935 James Chadwick
1936 Victor F. Hess + Carl D. Anderson
1937 Clinton Davisson + George Paget Thomson
1938 Enrico Fermi
1939 Ernest Lawrence
1940 No prize awarded
1941 No prize awarded
1942 No prize awarded
1943 Otto Stern
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi
1945 Wolfgang Pauli
1946 Percy W. Bridgman
1947 Edward V. Appleton
1948 Patrick M.S. Blackett
1949 Hideki Yukawa
1950 Cecil Powell
1951 John Cockcroft + Ernest T.S. Walton
1952 Felix Bloch + E. M. Purcell
1953 Frits Zernike
1954 Max Born + Walther Bothe
1955 Willis E. Lamb + Polykarp Kusch
1956 William B. Shockley + John Bardeen + Walter H. Brattain
1957 Chen Ning Yang + Tsung-Dao Lee
1958 Pavel A. Cherenkov + Il´ja M. Frank + Igor Y. Tamm
1959 Emilio Segrè + Owen Chamberlain
1960 Donald A. Glaser
1961 Robert Hofstadter + Rudolf Mössbauer
1962 Lev Landau
1963 Eugene Wigner + Maria Goeppert-Mayer + J. Hans D. Jensen
1964 Charles H. Townes + Nicolay G. Basov + Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga + Julian Schwinger + Richard P. Feynman
1966 Alfred Kastler
1967 Hans Bethe
1968 Luis Alvarez
1969 Murray Gell-Mann
1970 Hannes Alfvén + Louis Néel
1971 Dennis Gabor
1972 John Bardeen + Leon N. Cooper + Robert Schrieffer
1973 Leo Esaki + Ivar Giaever + Brian D. Josephson
1974 Martin Ryle + Antony Hewish
1975 Aage N. Bohr + Ben R. Mottelson + James Rainwater
1976 Burton Richter + Samuel C.C. Ting
1977 Philip W. Anderson + Sir Nevill F. Mott + John H. van Vleck
1978 Pyotr Kapitsa + Arno Penzias + Robert Woodrow Wilson
1979 Sheldon Glashow + Abdus Salam + Steven Weinberg
1980 James Cronin + Val Fitch
1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen + Arthur L. Schawlow + Kai M. Siegbahn
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson
1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar + William A. Fowler
1984 Carlo Rubbia + Simon van der Meer
1985 Klaus von Klitzing
1986 Ernst Ruska + Gerd Binnig + Heinrich Rohrer
1987 J. Georg Bednorz + K. Alex Müller
1988 Leon M. Lederman + Melvin Schwartz + Jack Steinberger
1989 Norman F. Ramsey + Hans G. Dehmelt + Wolfgang Paul
1990 Jerome I. Friedman + Henry W. Kendall + Richard E. Taylor
1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1992 Georges Charpak
1993 Russell A. Hulse + Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse + Clifford G. Shull
1995 Martin L. Perl + Frederick Reines
1996 David M. Lee + Douglas D. Osheroff + Robert C. Richardson
1997 Steven Chu + Claude Cohen-Tannoudji + William D. Phillips
1998 Robert B. Laughlin + Horst L. Störmer + Daniel C. Tsui
1999 Gerardus 't Hooft + Martinus J.G. Veltman
2000 Zhores I. Alferov + Herbert Kroemer + Jack S. Kilby
2001 Eric A. Cornell + Wolfgang Ketterle + Carl E. Wieman
2002 Raymond Davis Jr. + Masatoshi Koshiba + Riccardo Giacconi
2003 Alexei A. Abrikosov + Vitaly L. Ginzburg + Anthony J. Leggett
2004 David J. Gross + H. David Politzer + Frank Wilczek
2005 Roy J. Glauber + John L. Hall + Theodor W. Hänsch
2006 John C. Mather + George F. Smoot


Chemistry me Nobel prize jiite waala log(decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

Year Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C]
1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff the Netherlands "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[2]
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer Germany "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[3]
1903 Svante August Arrhenius Sweden "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"[4]
1904 Sir William Ramsay United Kingdom "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[5]
1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer Germany "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[6]
1906 Henri Moissan France "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[7]
1907 Eduard Buchner Germany "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[8]
1908 Ernest Rutherford United Kingdom
New Zealand
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[9]
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"[10]
1910 Otto Wallach Germany "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[11]
1911 Marie Curie, née Sklodowska Poland "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[12]
1912 Victor Grignard France "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"[13]
Paul Sabatier France "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"[13]
1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[14]
1914 Theodore William Richards United States "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"[15]
1915 Richard Martin Willstätter Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[16]
1916 Not awarded
1917 Not awarded
1918 Fritz Haber Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[17]
1919 Not awarded
1920 Walther Hermann Nernst Germany "[for] his work in thermochemistry"[18]
1921 Frederick Soddy United Kingdom "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[19]
1922 Francis William Aston United Kingdom "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[20]
1923 Fritz Pregl Austria "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[21]
1924 Not awarded
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Germany "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"[22]
1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg Sweden "for his work on disperse systems"[23]
1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[24]
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Germany "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"[25]
1929 Arthur Harden United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[26]
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin Germany
1930 Hans Fischer Germany "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[27]
1931 Carl Bosch Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[28]
Friedrich Bergius Germany
1932 Irving Langmuir United States "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"[29]
1933 Not awarded
1934 Harold Clayton Urey United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[30]
1935 Frédéric Joliot France "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[31]
Irene Joliot-Curie France
1936 Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye the Netherlands "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"[32]
1937 Walter Norman Haworth United Kingdom "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"[33]
Paul Karrer Switzerland "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[34]
1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt Germany "for his work on sex hormones"[35]
Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"[35]
1940 Not awarded
1941 Not awarded
1942 Not awarded
1943 George de Hevesy Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[36]
1944 Otto Hahn Germany "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[37]
1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[38]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner United States "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[39]
John Howard Northrop United States "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[40]
Wendell Meredith Stanley United States
1947 Sir Robert Robinson United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[41]
1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"[42]
1949 William Francis Giauque United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[43]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels Federal Republic of Germany "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[44]
Kurt Alder Federal Republic of Germany
1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"[45]
Glenn Theodore Seaborg United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography"[46]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger Federal Republic of Germany "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[47]
1954 Linus Carl Pauling United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[48]
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud United States "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"[49]
1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood United Kingdom "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"[50]
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov USSR
1957 Lord (Alexander R.) Todd United Kingdom "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"[51]
1958 Frederick Sanger United Kingdom "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"[52]
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"[53]
1960 Willard Frank Libby United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"[54]
1961 Melvin Calvin United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[55]
1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[56]
John Cowdery Kendrew John Cowdery Kendrew United Kingdom
1963 Karl Ziegler Federal Republic of Germany "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[57]
Giulio Natta Italy
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[58]
1965 Robert Burns Woodward United States "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"[59]
1966 Robert S. Mulliken United States "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"[60]
1967 Manfred Eigen Federal Republic of Germany "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"[61]
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish United Kingdom
George Porter United Kingdom
1968 Lars Onsager United States "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"[62]
1969 Derek H. R. Barton United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[63]
Odd Hassel Norway
1970 Luis F. Leloir Argentina "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[64]
1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[65]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[66]
Stanford Moore United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[66]
William H. Stein United States
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer Federal Republic of Germany "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"[67]
Geoffrey Wilkinson United Kingdom
1974 Paul J. Flory United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"[68]
1975 John Warcup Cornforth Australia
United Kingdom
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[69]
Vladimir Prelog Switzerland "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[69]
1976 William N. Lipscomb United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"[70]
1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[71]
1978 Peter D. Mitchell United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"[72]
1979 Herbert C. Brown United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[73]
Georg Wittig Federal Republic of Germany
1980 Paul Berg United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[74]
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[74]
Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger United Kingdom
1981 Kenichi Fukui Japan "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[75]
Roald Hoffmann United States
1982 Aaron Klug United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[76]
1983 Henry Taube United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"[77]
1984 file:Robert B. Merrifield.jpg Robert Bruce Merrifield United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[78]
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[79]
Jerome Karle United States
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach Dudley R. Herschbach United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"[80]
Yuan T. Lee United States
John C. Polanyi Canada
1987 Donald J. Cram United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"[81]
Jean-Marie Lehn Jean-Marie Lehn France
Charles J. Pedersen United States
1988 Johann Deisenhofer Federal Republic of Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"[82]
Robert Huber Robert Huber Federal Republic of Germany
Hartmut Michel Federal Republic of Germany
1989 Sidney Altman Canada
United States
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[83]
Thomas R. Cech Thomas R. Cech United States
1990 Elias James Corey United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[84]
1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[85]
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus United States "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[86]
1993 Kary B. Mullis United States "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"[87]
Michael Smith Canada "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[87]
1994 George A. Olah United States "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[88]
1995 Paul J. Crutzen the Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[89]
Mario J. Molina Mario J. Molina United States
F. Sherwood Rowland United States
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. United States "for their discovery of fullerenes"[90]
Harold Kroto Sir Harold W. Kroto United Kingdom
Richard E. Smalley United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"[91]
John E. Walker United Kingdom
Jens C. Skou Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"[91]
1998 Walter Kohn United States "for his development of the density-functional theory"[92]
John A. Pople United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"[92]
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt
United States
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"[93]
2000 Alan J. Heeger United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"[94]
Alan G MacDiarmid United States
New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa Japan
2001 William S. Knowles United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"[95]
Ryoji Noyori Ryoji Noyori Japan
K. Barry Sharpless United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"[96]
2002 John B. Fenn John B. Fenn United States "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"[97]
Koichi Tanaka Japan
Kurt Wüthrich Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"[97]
2003 Peter Agre United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[98]
Roderick MacKinnon Roderick MacKinnon United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"[98]
2004 Aaron Ciechanover Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[99]
Avram Hershko Israel
Irwin Rose United States
2005 Yves Chauvin France "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"[100]
Robert Grubbs Robert H. Grubbs United States
Richard R. Schrock United States
2006 Roger D. Kornberg United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[101]
2007 Gerhard Ertl Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[102]
2008 Osamu Shimomura United States[103] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[104]
Martin Chalfie United States
Roger Y. Tsien United States

Medicine me Nobel prize jiite waala log (decided by Karolinska Institutet)

1901-1910

Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1906

1911-1919

Allvar Gullstrand, 1911

1920-1929

Frederick Banting, 1923

1930-1939

file:1000 Schilling Karl Landsteiner obverse.jpg
Karl Landsteiner, on an Austrian banknote

1940-1949

Alexander Fleming, 1945

1950-1959

Selman Waksman, 1952

1960-1969

file:JamesDWatson.jpg
James D.Watson, 1962

1970-1979

David Baltimore, 1975

1980-1989

file:Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1965.jpg
Rita Levi-Montalcini, 1986

1990-1999

Ferid Murad, 1998

2000-2009

Luc Montagnier, 2008


References

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