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Turkey

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Republic of Turkey
الجُمْهُورِيَّة التُّرْكِيَّة
Flag Coat of arms
JhandaCoat of arms
Des ke jaankari
Des ke motto: Peace at Home, Peace in the World (Yurtta Barış, Dünyada Barış)
National anthem: The Anthem of Independence (İstiklal Marşı)
Log ke baare me
Official bhasa: Turkish
Abaadi:
  - Total: 80.810.525 ab. (2017) (ranked 16°)
  - Density: 105 per km²
Jagha
country map
country map
Hian pe des ke dunia ke map me dekhawa jaawe hae.
Capital City: Ankara
Sab se barraa City: Istanbul
Area
  - Total: 783,562 km² (ranked 37°)
  - Water:%1.3 km²
Politics / Government
Established: - Independence: Turkish War of Independence May 19, 1919
 - Formation: Formation of Parliament April 23, 1920
 - Declared: Declaration of Republic October 29, 1923
Leader: President: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Economy / Money
Paisa ke naam: Turkish Lira (TL)
International information
Time ke zone: UTC + 2
Summer:+ 3
Telephone ke dialing code: +90
Internet domain: .tr

Turkey (الجُمْهُورِيَّة التُّرْكِيَّة jiske Anatolia bhi bila jaae hai), jiske sarkari naam, Republic of Turkiye hae, Anatolia West Asia me aur southeast Europe ke ek chhotaa hissa, jiske East Thrace bola jaae hae, ke au ek des hai. Iske north me Black Sea hae, east me Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan aur Iran, Irag, Syria aur Mediterranean Sea south me aur Aegean Sea, Greece aur Bulgaria west me hae. Turkey ke puura ilaka 780,000 square kilometres hae aur iske population 85 million hae. Iske jaada log Turks hae aur ethnic minority me sab se jaada Kurds hae. Turkey ke official bhasa Turkish hai. Turkey ke jaada log Muslim hae , lekin ii officially ek secular des hae. Ankara Turkey ke capital aur duusra sab se barraa city hae, jab Istanbul sab se barraa city aur des ke economic aur financial center hae. Aur barraa city hae Izmir, Bursa aur Antalya

Turkey, ek republic hai. Turkey me 81 cities hai. Turkish ke paisa Turkish Lira bola jaawe hai.

Iske capital Ankara hai jon ki Anatolia ke biich me hai lekin iske cultural aur economic center Istanbul.

Turkey me 50,000BC se 15,000BC talak insaan aae ke rahe lage rahin.[1] Ii jagha me dher jaat ke log rahat rahin.[2] Alexander the Great ke conquest ke baad, hian pe Greek sanskriti jarr pakarr liis.[3] 11th century me ii jagha me Seljuk Turks aain aur Turkish saskriti hian pe bhi sael gais.[4] 1243 me Mongol log invade karin aur des chgota-chhota raj me vibhajit hoe gais.[5] 1299 me Ottomans des ke unite kar diin aur iske aur barraa karin. 1453 me Istanbul, Ottoman Empire ke niche hoe gais.[6][7] Baad me ii dunia ke ek sab se taagatwar des ban gais rahaa. 1789 ke baad Ottoman Empire gire ke suruu karis.[8]

19th aur 20th century me Russia me base Muslim log ke virod me bhed bhaao ke kaaran dher Muslim log Balkans, Caucasus aur Crimea se aae ke abhi ke Turkey me rahe lagin.(Karpat 2001, p. 343) Ottoman Empire, Germany aur Austrua-Hungary ke saathe World War I me larris. Ii samay Turkey me base dher Armenian, Greek aur Assyrian ke maar dewa gias, nai to uu logan ke ghar se nikaal dewa gais rahaa.[9] World War I ke baad Turkey me sultanate khalaas hoe gais aur 29 October 1923 me iske ek Republic banaawa gais.[10]

Modern Turkey ke 1923 me Atatürk suruu karis rahaa. Ise pahile ii Ottoman Empire ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.

Purana jamana me ii jagah pe dher civilizations rahaa, jaise ki Hittites aur Byzantine Roman Empire.

Geography

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Turkey ke area 783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles) hae.[11] Turkey Asia aur Southeartern Europe ke jorre hae.[12] Turkey ke 97% hissa aur 90% abaadi Asia ke side, jiske Anatolia bola jaae hae, me rahe hae.[13] Dunia ke 36 "Biodiversity hotspots" me se 3 Turkey me hae.[14] Ii hae Mediterranean Basin, Irano-Anatolian aur Causasus. 21st century me development aur "climate change" ke kaaran ii biodiversity pe khatraa hae. [15]

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President ke suchi

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No.ChhaapaNaam (janam-maut)Chuna gaisPresidency ke suruuPresidency ke antPresidency ke lambaaiParty
1Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938)1923
1927
1931
1935		29 October 192310 November 193815 saal, 12 dinRepublican Peoples's Party
2Ismet Inonu (1884-1973)1938
1939
1943
1946		11 November 193827 May 195011 saal 197 dinRepublican Peoples's Party
3Celai Bayar (1883-1986)1950
1954
1957		27 May 195027 May 196010 saalDemocrat Party
4Cemal Gursel (1895-1966)196110 October 19612 February 19664 saal, 115 dinIndependent
5Cevdet Sunay (1899-1982)196628 March 196628 March 19737 saalIndependent
6no imageFahri Koruturk (1903-198719736 April 19736 April 19807 saalIndependent
7Kenan Evren (1917 -2015)9 November 19829 November 1989Example7 saalIndependent
8Turgut Ozal (1927-1993)19899 November 198917 April 19933 saal, 159 dinMotherland Party
9Suleyman Demirel (1924-2015)199316 May 199316 May 20007 saalTrue Path Party
10Ahmet Necdet Sezer200016 May 200028 August 20077 saal, 104 dinIndependent
11Abdullah Gul (1950-)200728 August 200728 August 200147 saalJustice and Development Party
12Recep Tayyip Erdogan2014
2018
2023		28 August 20014Incumbent10 saalJustice and Development Party

Bahaari jorr

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References

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  1. ↑ (Howard 2016, p. 24)
  2. ↑ (Howard 2016, p. 24)
  3. ↑ (Leonard 2006, p. 1576): "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region"
  4. ↑ (Howard 2016, pp. 33–44)
  5. ↑ (Howard 2016, pp. 38–39)
  6. ↑ (Howard 2016, p. 45)
  7. ↑ (Somel 2010, p. xcvii)
  8. ↑ (Heper & Sayari 2012, pp. 15–28)
  9. ↑ Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). The Magnitude of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3161-4.
  10. ↑ (Heper & Sayari 2012, pp. 54–55)
  11. ↑ "UN Demographic Yearbook" (PDF). Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  12. ↑ (Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 7)
  13. ↑ Turkey ke Europe waala side ke Easter Thrace bola jaae hae aur ii jagha Turkey ke 3% area hae lekin hian pe iske 10% population rahe hae. Turkey ke saat hissa me baata gais hae; Marmara, Aegean, Central Anatolia, Blacj Sea, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia aur Mediterranean. Iske pahaar me Koroglu, Pontic aur Taurus ranges hae. Kuchh barra lake hae Lake Beysehir aur Lake Egirdie. Eastern Anatolia region me Mount Ararat hae jon Turkey ke sab se uuncha pahaarr hae. Iske ke uunchaai 5,137 metres (16,854 feet) hae. Des ke sab se barraa lake, Lake Van hae. Turkey me se Euphrates, Tigris aur Aras naddi suruu hoe hae.

    Perr aur Jaanwar

    Kaaheki Turkey dui continent ke biicj me hae, hian pe dher rakam ke perr aur jaanwar rahe hae.<ref>"Biodiversity in Turkey". 6 May 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Birben_2019
  15. ↑ Kazancı, Nizamettin; Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine (2019), Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin (eds.), "Threats and Conservation of Landscapes in Turkey", Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey, World Geomorphological Landscapes, Springer International Publishing, pp. 603–632, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_36, ISBN 978-3-030-03515-0, S2CID 134498356
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