Sukhrgrah

Sukhrgrah
	Venus ke sahi rang, jiske MESSENGER utaris hae.; Ek baadall ke layer sab time surface ke uppar rahe hae.
Designations
Named after	Roman ke pyaar ke bhagwaan
Adjectives	Venusian /vɪˈnjuːziən, -ʒən/,; kabhi-kabhi Cytherean/sɪθəˈriːən/; or Venerean / Venerian /vɪˈnɪəriən/; https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature
Symbol
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch J2000
Aphelion	0.728213 AU (108.94 million km)
Perihelion	0.718440 AU (107.48 million km)
Semi-major axis	0.723332 AU (108.21 million km)
Eccentricity	0.006772
Orbital period (sidereal)	224.701 d; 0.615198 yr; 1.92 Venus solar day;
Orbital period (synodic)	583.92 days
Average orbital speed	35.02 km/s
Mean anomaly	50.115°
Inclination	3.39458° to ecliptic; 3.86° to Sun's equator; 2.15° to invariable plane;
Longitude of ascending node	76.680°
Argument of perihelion	54.884°
Satellites	None
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	6,051.8±1.0 km; 0.9499 Earths;
Flattening	0
Surface area	4.6023×108 km2; 0.902 Earths;
Volume	9.2843×1011 km3; 0.857 Earths;
Mass	4.8675×1024 kg; 0.815 Earths;
Mean density	5.243 g/cm3
Surface gravity	8.87 m/s2 (0.904 g0)
Escape velocity	10.36 km/s (6.44 mi/s)
Synodic rotation period	−116.75 d (retrograde) ; 1 Venus solar day
Sidereal rotation period	−243.0226 d (retrograde)
Equatorial rotation velocity	1.81 m/s
Axial tilt	2.64° (for retrograde rotation); 177.36° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension	18h 11m 2s; 272.76° ;
North pole declination	67.16°
Albedo	0.689 (geometric); 0.76 (Bond);
Temperature	232 K (−41 °C); (blackbody temperature)
Surface absorbed dose rate	2.1×10−6 μGy/h
Surface equivalent dose rate	2.2×10−6 μSv/h; 0.092–22 μSv/h at cloud level
Apparent magnitude	−4.92 to −2.98
Absolute magnitude (H)	−4.4
Angular diameter	9.7″–66.0″

Sukhrgrah (pratiik: ) Saur Mandal (Solar System) me suraj se duur duusra planet hae. Iske dunia ke "twin", nai to "sister" planet bhi bola jaae hae, kaaheki ii size aur mass me lagbhag dunia ke baraabar hae. Jab ki duuno patthar ke banaa hae, Venus ke atmosphere dunia se jaada dense hae. Iske atmosphere me jaada kar ke carbon dioxide hae, isme sulfuric acid ke baadal hae aur koi liquid paani nai hae. Iske surface pe temperature 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F) talak chal de hae aur iske pressure, dunia se 92 dafe jaada hae. Venus aasmaan me tiisra sab se jaaada bright chij hae, chandarma aur suraj ke baad, aur Budhgrah (Mercury) ke rakam suraj ke nagiich dekhae hae, jiske kaaran iske "subha ka taara" aur "sanjha ke taara]] bola jaae hae. Venus ke koi chandarma nai hae. Venus ke ek din, 116.74 dunia ke din ke baraabar hae aur iske saal 224.7 dunia ke din ke baraabar hae.

Venus ke magnetic field kamjor hae. Venus ke bhitta ek "core" hae, isme "crust" hae aur bhittar ke garmi jwala mukhi se nikle hae ^[3]^[4], jiske kaaran iske surface uppar niche jaae hae aur dunia ke rakam plate tectonics nai hae. Venus me saail pahile liquid paani rahaa hoi., lekin ek "greenhouse effect" ke kaaran ii evaporate hoe gais rahaa. Iske baadal ke layer me saait jiu hoe sake hae.

Insaan ke itihaas me, sab time, dunia ke sab log ke sankriti me mythology, astrology aur fiction me Venus khaas jagha rakkhis rahaa. Ii planet ke sahaj se dekhae ke kaaran astronomy ke aage barrhe me madat mila rahaa. 1621 me Venus ke pahila dafe telescope se dekha gais rahaa. 1961 me pahila spacecraft, Venera 1, Venus gais. 1962 me Marina 2, Venus jaae ke huan se kuchh jaankari bhejis. 1967 me Venera 4 pahila dafe Venus ke atmosphere me ghusis rahaa. 1970 me Venera 7 pahila spacecraft rahaa jon khaali Venus me nai, lekin aur koi planet me land karis. Venus ke adhyan se dunia me greenhouse effect, global warming aur climate change ke baare me jaankari mila. 2025 talak Solar Orbiter ekke probe hae jon Venus ke flybys 2030 talak karii. 2026 me ek aur proble Venus me jiu khoje ke khaarir jaai.

Physical characteristics

Venus, saur mandal ke chaar four terrestrial planets, jiske matlab hae ki ii sab patthar ke banaa hae, me se ek hae. Iske size aur mass dunia ke rakam hae aur ii kaaran se iske dunia ke "sister" , nai to "twin" bola jaae hae. Kaaheki Venus bahut dhire se ghume hae, ii lagbhag puura golaa hae. Iske diameter, jon 12,103.6 km (7,520.8 mi) se 638.4 km (396.7 mi) talak hae, dunia ke diameter se kamti hae aur iske mass, dunia ke mass ke 81.5% hae, jiske kaaran ii saur mandal ke tiisra sab se chhotaa grah hae. Venus ke mausam dunia se bahur different hae, kaaheki Venus ke atmosphere jon kaafi garrhu hae me 96.5% carbon dioxide hae, jon greenhouse effect ke kaaran hae, aur baaki 3.5% nitrogen hae. Venus ke surface pressure 9.3 megapascals (93 bars) hae, aur average surface temperature 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F) hae.

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Duusra websites

Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine

↑ Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L. et al. (2018). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015" (in en). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 130 (3): 22. doi:10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5. ISSN 0923-2958. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5.
↑ "Encyclopedia – the brightest bodies". IMCCE. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
↑ Andrews, Roy George. "Rivers of Lava on Venus Reveal a More Volcanically Active Planet - New software let scientists re-examine old radar images, providing some of the strongest evidence yet that volcanoes continue to reshape the hellish planet.", The New York Times, 27 May 2024. Retrieved on 28 Mai 2024.
↑ Sulcanese, Davide; Mitri, Giuseppe; Mastrogiuseppe, Marco (27 May 2024). "Evidence of ongoing volcanic activity on Venus revealed by Magellan radar". Nature Astronomy 8 (8): 973–982. doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02272-1. ISSN 2397-3366. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024. https://archive.today/20240528101249/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02272-1. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
↑ "Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics". NASA. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
↑ Margot, Jean-Luc; Campbell, Donald B.; Giorgini, Jon D. et al. (29 April 2021). "Spin state and moment of inertia of Venus". Nature Astronomy 5 (7): 676–683. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01339-7.
↑ "Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures". American Chemical Society. 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
↑ Yeomans, Donald K. "Horizons Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=2)". JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2010.—Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Venus" and "Center: Sun" should be set to default.) Results are instantaneous osculating values at the precise J2000 epoch.
↑ Herbst, K.; Banjac, S; Atri D.; Nordheim, T. A (1 January 2020). "Revisiting the cosmic-ray induced Venusian radiation dose in the context of habitability". Astronomy & Astrophysics 633: Fig. 6. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936968. ISSN 0004-6361. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/01/aa36968-19/aa36968-19.html. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
↑ "Venusian". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020.

[1] Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L. et al. (2018). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015" (in en). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 130 (3): 22. doi:10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5. ISSN 0923-2958. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5.

[2] "Encyclopedia – the brightest bodies". IMCCE. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

[NYT-20240527-3] Andrews, Roy George. "Rivers of Lava on Venus Reveal a More Volcanically Active Planet - New software let scientists re-examine old radar images, providing some of the strongest evidence yet that volcanoes continue to reshape the hellish planet.", The New York Times, 27 May 2024. Retrieved on 28 Mai 2024.

[NA-20240527-4] Sulcanese, Davide; Mitri, Giuseppe; Mastrogiuseppe, Marco (27 May 2024). "Evidence of ongoing volcanic activity on Venus revealed by Magellan radar". Nature Astronomy 8 (8): 973–982. doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02272-1. ISSN 2397-3366. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024. https://archive.today/20240528101249/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02272-1. Retrieved 28 May 2024.

[NASA_2015-5] "Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics". NASA. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2015.

[Margot_et_al_2021-6] Margot, Jean-Luc; Campbell, Donald B.; Giorgini, Jon D. et al. (29 April 2021). "Spin state and moment of inertia of Venus". Nature Astronomy 5 (7): 676–683. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01339-7.

[American_Chemical_Society_2013-7] "Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures". American Chemical Society. 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

[horizons-8] Yeomans, Donald K. "Horizons Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=2)". JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2010.—Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Venus" and "Center: Sun" should be set to default.) Results are instantaneous osculating values at the precise J2000 epoch.

[radiation-levels-9] Herbst, K.; Banjac, S; Atri D.; Nordheim, T. A (1 January 2020). "Revisiting the cosmic-ray induced Venusian radiation dose in the context of habitability". Astronomy & Astrophysics 633: Fig. 6. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936968. ISSN 0004-6361. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/01/aa36968-19/aa36968-19.html. Retrieved 20 November 2021.

[Lexico_Venusian-10] "Venusian". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020.

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v • d • e Saur mandal (Solar System)

Suraj • Heliosphere	Grah (Planets) ☾ = Chaand ∅ = rings		Budhgrah (Mercury)	Sukhgrah (Venus)	Dunia (Earth) ☾	Mangalgrah (Mars) ☾

			Brahaspati (Jupiter) ☾ ∅	Sanigrah (Saturn) ☾ ∅	Arungrah (Uranus) ☾ ∅	Varungrah (Neptune) ☾ ∅

	Bauna grah (Dwarf planet)		Ceres	Pluto ☾	Haumea ☾	Makemake

			Eris ☾

	Small Solar System bodies	Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets)	Groups and families: Vulcanoids · Near-Earth asteroids · Asteroid belt Jupiter Trojans · Centaurs · Neptune Trojans · Asteroid moons · Meteoroids · Pallas · Juno · Vesta · Hygiea ·
		Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets)	See also the list of asteroids.

		Trans- Neptunians	Kuiper belt – Plutinos: Orcus · Ixion – Cubewanos: Varuna · Quaoar · Huya
		Trans- Neptunians	Scattered disc: Sedna

		Jhaarru	Lists of periodic and non-periodic comets Damocloids · Hills baadal · Oort baadal
See also the list of solar system objects