Portal:Girmit

Girmit 1879 aur 1916 ke biich me 40 jahaaj girmitya logan ke lae ke India se Fiji 87 dafe aais. Ii sab jahaaj me se 27 paal waala (sailing) jahaaj rahaa aur 13 bhaap (steam) jahaaj rahaa. Suruu me ii sab jahaaj Calcutta se khali girmitya logan ke laat raha lekin 1903 se Madras se be girmitya logan aae ke suruu kar din. Kul jorr 60,965 girmitya log India chorrin lekin khali 60,553 (jisme samundar my paidaish bhi jorraa gae hai) Fiji pahuchin. 45,439 girmitya Calcutta me jahaaj pe charrin aur 15,114 girmitya Madras me charrin. Paal waala jahaaj ke Fiji pahuche , average me, 73 roj lagat rahaa, lekin bhaap waala jahaaj ke khali 30 din lagat rahaa. Jahaaj waala Company ke naam rahaa: Nourse Line aur British-India Steam Navigation Company.

Girmit ke baare me aap ketna jantaa hai Girmit sabd, English sabd agreement se aais hae aur ii uu agreement ke baare me hae jiske niche Hindustani majuur ke India se English, French aur Dutch colony me bheja gais rahaa. Girmit ke suruu hoe ke khaas kaaran, 1834 me British Empire me gulami (slavery) pe rok lagae se rahaa. Girmit me Hindustani log ke Fiji ke alawa Mauritius, Réunion, South Africa, Guyana, Trinidad, Jamaica, Martinique, Guadeloupe aur Suriname bhi lae jawa gais rahaa. Girmit ke timeline 18 January 1826 – Indian Ocean ke French Island Réunion ke sarkar Hindustani majdur ke huan pe laawe ke khatir kanun banais, jiske niche majdur paanch saal ke contract ke sign kare ke time ii maanat rahaa ki uu khusi se huan pe jaawe hae aur uske har mahina aath rupia aur khana milii. 1 August 1834 – Hindustani majdur ke Mauritius, girmit ke niche lae jaae ke suruu karaa gais, lekin Mauritius me pahila Hindustani jaheli rahin jiske 1816 se construction industry me kaam me lawa jaawat rahaa. 1837 – Colonial British Indian Government kanun banais jiske niche Hindustani majdur logan ke Calcutta se bahaar des bheja jaawe sake. Baad me yahi kanun Madras aur Bombay khatir bhi banaa. 5 May 1838 – Pahila jahaaj Hindustani girmitya logan ke lae ke Guyana pahuncha. 29 May 1839 – Hindustani majdur ke duusra des bheje pe sarkar rukawat lagae diis, kahe ki uu logan ke duusra des me bahut satawa jaawat rahaa. 2 December 1842 – East India Company ke sarkar, businessmen aur planters ke dabao kae kaaran, fir se Calcutta, Bombay aur Madras se Hindustani majdur ke Mauritius bheje ke ijajat diis. 16 November 1844– Hindustani majdur ke Jamaica, Trinidad aur Demerara (Guyana) bheje ke kanuni kar dewa gais. 30 May 1845 – Pahila jahaaj, Fatel Razack, Hindustani majdur logan ke lae keTrinidad aais. 1848 – West Indies ke chini ke industry me bawaal ke kaaran, Hindustani majdur ke huan bheje ke band kar dewa gais. 1851 – Demerara me fir se Hindustani majdur ke bheja jaae laga. 1853 – Martinique (French West Indies) me Hindustani majdur ke bheje ke suruu karaa gais. 1854 – Guadeloupe (French West Indies) me Hindustani majdur ke bheje ke suruu karaa gais. 1860 – Jamaica me fir se Hindustani majdur ke bheja jaae laga. 16 November 1860 – Lala Rookh pahila jahaaj rahaa jon ki 342 majdur logan ke lae ke, India se South Africa laais rahaa. 5 June 1873 – S. S. Truro jahaaj, 452 majdur logan ke lae ke, pahila jahaaj rahaa jon ki girmitya logan ke India se Suriname laais rahaa. Girmit ke baare me book John Wear Burton, The Fiji of Today, C.H. Kelly, London, 1910 Totaram Sanadhya, Fiji Dwip Men Ikkis Varsh, Kanpur, India, 1914 C. W. Andrews & W. W. Pearson, Indian Indentured Labour in Fiji, Perth, 1918 K. L. Gillion, Fiji's Indian Migrants: A history to the end of indenture in 1920, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1962 Adrian C. Mayer, Indians in Fiji, Oxford University Press, London, 1963 Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery: The export of Indian labour overseas 1830 - 1920, Oxford University Press, London, 1974 Shiu Prasad, Indian Indentured Workers in Fiji, South Pacific Social Sciences Association, Suva, 1974 A. Harold Wood, Overseas Missions of the Australian Methodist Church: Volume III - Fiji-Indian and Rotuma, Aldersgate Press, Melbourne, Australia, 1978. Vijay Naidu, The violence of indenture in Fiji, Suva, 1979 Ahmed Ali, Plantation to Politics: Studies of Fiji Indians, University of the South Pacific, 1980 Brij V. Lal, Girmityas: The origins of the Fiji Indians, Journal of Pacific History, Canberra, 1983 Michael Moynagh, Brown or white? a history of the Fiji sugar industry, 1873-1973, Australian National University, Canberra, 1981. Brij V. Lal, Chalo Jahaji: on a journey through indenture in Fiji, Australian National University, Canberra, 2000 Ahmed Ali, Girmit: Indian Indenture Experience in Fiji, Fiji Museum, Suva, 2004 Children of the Indus, National Farmers Union, Suva, 2004 Dunia ke sab des jahan pe girmit rahaa Girmit ke virod kare waala log Reunion me Girmit Mauritius me Girmit: 1834 - 1920 Guyana me Girmit: 1838 - 1920 Trinidad me Girmit: 1845 - 1917 South Africa me Girmit: 1860 -1919 Suriname me Girmit: 1873 - 1920 Fiji me girmit: 1879 - 1920 Gopal Krishna Gokhale Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Charles Freer Andrews Hannah Dudley Totaram Sanadhya Manilal Maganlal Doctor Sadhu Vashist Muni

Aaj ke quote I should be willing to adopt any measure to favour the transfer of labourers from British India to Guiana ... I am not prepared to encounter the responsibility of a measure which may lead to a dreadful loss of life on the one hand, or, on the other, to a new system of slavery. Lord John Russell (15 February 1840) Girmit waala jahaaj ke suchi Leonidas - 15 May 1879 Berar - 29 June 1882 Poonah I - 17 September 1882 Poonah II - 19 June 1883 Bayard - 20 August 1883 Syria - 14 May 1884 Howrah - 26 June 1884 Pericles - 3 July 1884 S.S. Newnham - 23 July 1884 Main - 30 April 1885 Ganges I - 27 June 1885 Boyne - 26 April 1886 Bruce - 21 May 1886 Hereford I - 24 April 1888 Moy I - 3 May 1889 Rhone I - 15 May 1890 Allanshaw - 17 June 1890 Danube - 15 June 1891 Jumna I - 27 June 1891 British Peer - 23 April 1892 Avon I - 5 May 1892 Hereford II - 15 June 1892 Moy II - 14 April 1893 Jumna II - 23 May 1893 Ems I - 20 April 1894 Hereford III - 28 June 1894 S.S. Vadala - 26 March 1895 S.S. Virawa I - 26 April 1895 Erne - 24 April 1896 Elbe I - 13 June 1896 Rhone II - 11 May 1897 Clyde - 1 June 1897 Moy III - 1 June 1898 Avon II - 25 July 1899 Ganges II - 3 September 1899 Ganges III - 21 June 1900 Elbe II - 26 July 1900 Arno I - 23 July 1900 Rhine - 30 August 1900 S.S. Fazilka I - 28 March 1901 S.S. Fultala I - 12 May 1901 S.S. Fazilka II - 18 June 1901 S.S. Virawa II - 26 April 1902 S.S. Fazilka III - 20 June 1902 Mersey - 13 June 1903 Elbe III - 5 August 1903 Arno II - 4 September 1903 Arno III - 3 May 1904 Ems II - 30 July 1904 S.S. Fultala II - 10 April 1905 S.S. Virawa III - 17 July 1905 S.S. Wardha I - 28 July 1905 S.S. Fultala III - 17 August 1905 S.S. Fazilka IV - 17 April 1906 S.S. Fultala IV - 28 April 1906 S.S. Wardha II - 28 June 1906 S.S. Fazilka V - 28 January 1907 S.S. Virawa IV - 23 March 1907 S.S. Fazilka VI - 25 April 1907 S.S. Sangola I - 18 March 1908 S.S. Sangola II - 6 June 1908 S.S. Sangola III - 1 February 1909 S.S. Sangola IV - 21 April 1909 S.S. Sangola V - 7 March 1910 S.S. Santhia I - 22 April 1910 S.S. Sangola VI - 5 June 1910 S.S. Santhia II - 8 July 1910 S.S. Mutlah I - 22 May 1911 S.S. Sutlej I - 25 June 1911 S.S. Ganges I - 22 July 1911 S.S. Mutlah II - 18 August 1911 S.S. Sutlej II - 4 October 1911 S.S. Sutlej III - 27 April 1912 S.S. Indus - 8 June 1912 S.S. Ganges II - 18 July 1912 S.S. Ganges III - 8 November 1912 S.S. Ganges IV - 21 February 1913 S.S. Sutlej IV - 11 April 1913 S.S. Ganges V - 29 May 1913 S.S. Ganges VI - 9 September 1913 S.S. Chenab I - 24 March 1914 S.S. Chenab II - 16 June 1914 S.S. Mutlah III - 7 May 1915 S.S. Ganges VII - 21 June 1915 S.S. Mutlah IV - 1 August 1915 S.S. Chenab III - 1 September 1916 S.S. Sutlej V - 11 November 1916

Aaj ke featured chapa Damu (Scientific naam: Lutjanus argentimaculatus, English: Mangrove red snapper, Mangrove Jack, Kaiviti: Damu) ek rakam ke machhri hai jon ki tiritiri aur naddi ke mouth pe pawa jaae hai. Isme kabhi kabhi jahar rahe hai. Pahile ke featured article: Sankh — Kapok — Sirrsa