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Napoleon I of France

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Napoleon I
Full length portrait of a man in his forties, in high-ranking dress white and dark blue military uniform. He stands amid rich 18th-century furniture laden with papers, and gazes at the viewer. His haer is Brutus style, cropped close but with a short fringe in front, and his right hand is tucked in his waistcoat.
Pahile waalaFrench Consulate
Himself as First Consul of the French First Republic. Previous ruling monarch was Louis XVI as King of the French (1791-1792)
Baad waalaLouis XVIII (de jure in 1814; as legitimate monarch in 1815)
Napoleon II (according to his father's will of 1815)
Aurat/ AdmiiJoséphine de Beauharnais
Marie Louise of Austria

Napoleon Bonaparte (French bhasa: Napoléon Bonaparte), jiske baad me Napoleon I, the Great ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821)[1] ek general rahaa jon ki France pe raj kare lagaa rahaa. Uu France ke Europe ke lagbhag sab des se yudh karis rahaa. Uske empire jab sab se tagatwar rahaa tab Russia se lae ke Egypt se Atlantic Ocean talak rahaa. Aakhri me Great Britain aur Prussia ke alliance uske harais. Napolean ke time French Revolution ke idea Europe bhar me faila rahaa.

Bachpan ke din

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Napoleon ke palwaar Italian origin ke rahaa. Uske pitaji ke palwaar, Buonapartes, Tuscany ke raj kare waala palwaar rahaa ke rahaa, jon 16th century me Corsica migrate hoe gais rahaa. Uske maiya ke palwaar, Ramolinos, Lombardy ke raj kare waala palwaar ke rahii.[2] Napoleon ke pitaji, Carlo Buonaparte aur maiya, Maria Letizia Ramolino, Ajaccio, me rahat rahin, jahaan pe Napoleon 15 August 1769 me paida bhais rahaa. Uske ek barraa bhaiyaa aur chhe chotaa bhaiyaa aur bahini rahin.[3] Napoleon ke Catholic baptise karaa gais rahaa, Napoleone di Buonaparte ke naam ke niche. Uu jab chhotaa rahaa tab uske "Nabulione", "nabulio", "Napolionne" aur "Napulione" bola jaawat rahaa.[4]

Napoleon ke janam, Genoa ke Corsica ke France ke cede kare ke ek saal baad bhais rahaa.[5] [6] Napoleon ke pitaji, Pasquale Paoli ke Corsica ke, war of of independence against France, support karis rahaa. Paoli ke haar ke baad, Napoleon ke pitaji, Corsica me France ke Governor ke dost hoe gais rahaa, jon Napoleon ke godfather banaa rahaa.[7][8] Governor ke support se Napoleon ke pitaji, Louis XVI ke court me Corsica ke representative banaa. Iske kaaran Napoleon ke Mainland France me military academy me parrhe ke mauka mila.[9]

Half-length portrait of a wigged middle-aged man with a well-to-do jacket. His left hand is tucked inside his waistcoat.
Napoleon ke pitaji, Carlo Buonaparte, Corsican independence ke khaatir, Pasquale Paoli ke niche, larris rahaa. Paoli ke haar ke baad uu Louis XVI ke court me Corsica ke representative banaa.

Napoleon ke bachpan me, uske maiyaa ke jaada influence rahaa. Baad me Napoleon bolis rahaa ki , " ek bachaa ke aage ke destiny aapan maiyaa ke saathe kaam kare ke hae."[10] Napoleon ke dhani background ke kaaran uske parrhe ke , aur Corsican ke mukable me, jaada mauka milaa.

January 1779 me, 9 saal ke umar me, Napoleon, France ke ek dharmik school me bharti hoe gais, aapan French bhasa ke aur achchhaa kare ke khaatir,[11] kaaheki uske matr bhasa Corsican aur Italian rahaa.[12] Jab ki uu French bhasa me fluent hoe gais rahaa, uu iske Corsican accent me baat karat rahaa, aur uske spelling bahut kharaab rahaa.[13] May, 1779 me, Napoleon ke military academy me transfer karaa gais rahaa, jahaan pe uske bully karaa jaaawat eahaa, uske accent, janam ke jagha, chhotaa uunchaai, mannerism aur kharaab French.[12]

September 1784 me, Napoleon artillary officer ke parrhai suruu karis. Uu mathematics me smart rahaa aur geography, history aur literature ke bhi dher parrhis rahaa. September me uu pahila Corsican rahaa jon military school se graduate bhais rahaa.[14][15]

Kaam ke suruwaat

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Laut ke Corsica me

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Bonaparte, aged 23, as lieutenant-colonel of a battalion of Corsican Republican volunteers. Portrait made in 1835 by Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux

September 1875 me graduate hoe ke baad, uu ek artillary regiment me second lieutenant banaa.[16] Uu French mainland me serve karis, lekin 1789 me French Revolution ke baad uu dher time Corsica me rahis jahaan pe uske Corsican nationalism barrhaa. September 1789 me , Napoleon, Corsica laut ke French revolution ke promote karis. Bonaparte ek three-way political struggle, royalists, revolutionaries aur Corsican nationalist ke biich me rahaa. Uu pro-French Corsican Republicans ke join kar ke Corsican independence ke virod karis rahaa.[17] 1792 me Napoleon ke ek Corsican voluteers ke batallion ke commander banaawa gais aur Captain ke promotion milaa.[18][19]

February 1793 me Bonaparte French expedition to Sardinia me hissa liis jon fail hoe gais rahaa. June me Bonaparte aur 400 French volunteers ke saathe, Ajaccio ke capture nai kare paais rahaa. Jab Corsican assembly uske condemn karis tab uu Toulon, French mainland me, bhaag gais. [20][21]

Siege of Toulon

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Bonaparte at the Siege of Toulon, 1793, by Edouard Detaille

Bonaparte returned to his regiment in Nice and was made captain of a coastal battery.[22] In July 1793 he published a pamphlet, Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), demonstrating his support for the National Convention which was heavily influenced by the Jacobins.[23][24]

References

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  1. ↑ McLynn, Frank (1998). Napoleon. Pimlico.. p. 6. ISBN 0712662472.
  2. ↑ (McLynn 1997, p. 2)
  3. ↑ (Zamoyski 2018, pp. xiv, 14)
  4. ↑ (Dwyer 2008a, p. xv)
  5. ↑ (McLynn 1997, p. 6)
  6. ↑ "Corsica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 November 2017.
  7. ↑ (Zamoyski 2018, pp. 13-17)
  8. ↑ Ellis, Geoffrey (1997b). "Chapter 2". Napoleon. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-1317874690. https://books.google.com/books?id=QlzJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18.
  9. ↑ (Zamoyski 2018, pp. 16-20)
  10. ↑ Chamberlain, Alexander (1896). The Child and Childhood in Folk Thought: (The Child in Primitive Culture). MacMillan. p. 385. ISBN 978-1-4219-8748-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=fcYZlz0ezQUC&q=%22The+future+destiny+of+the+child+is+always+the+work+of+the+mother%22&pg=PA385. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  11. ↑ (Zamoyski 2018, p. 19)
  12. 1 2 Parker, Harold T. (1971). "The Formation of Napoleon's Personality: An Exploratory Essay". French Historical Studies 7 (1): 6–26. doi:10.2307/286104. ISSN 0016-1071. https://www.jstor.org/stable/286104. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  13. ↑ (McLynn 1997, p. 18)
  14. ↑ (Dwyer 2008a, pp. 38-42)
  15. ↑ (McLynn 1997, p. 26)
  16. ↑ (Roberts 2001, p. xviii)
  17. ↑ David Nicholls (1999). Napoleon: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-87436-957-1. https://archive.org/details/napoleonbiograph00nich.
  18. ↑ (McLynn 1997, pp. 52-54)
  19. ↑ (Zamoyski 2018, pp. 52-53)
  20. ↑ (Dwyer 2008a, pp. 106-122)
  21. ↑ (McLynn 1997, pp. 58-63)
  22. ↑ (Dwyer 2008a, p. 130)
  23. ↑ (Dwyer 2008a, pp. 131-32)
  24. ↑ (Zamoyski 2018, pp. 65-66)
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