Mughal Samrajya
Mughal Samrajya | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 1526–1857 | |||||||||||||
 The empire at its greatest extent c. 1700, under Aurangzeb | |||||||||||||
| Status | Empire | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Template:Ubli | ||||||||||||
| Official languages | Persian | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | See Languages of South Asia | ||||||||||||
| Religion | |||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||||||
• 1526–1530 (first) | Babur | ||||||||||||
• 1837–1857 (last) | Bahadur Shah II | ||||||||||||
| Vicegerent | |||||||||||||
• 1526–1540 (first) | Mir Khalifa | ||||||||||||
• 1794–1818 (last) | Daulat Rao Sindhia | ||||||||||||
| Grand Vizier | |||||||||||||
• 1526–1540 (first) | Mir Khalifa | ||||||||||||
• 1775–1797 (last) | Asaf-ud-Daula | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern | ||||||||||||
| 21 April 1526 | |||||||||||||
| 17 May 1540–22 June 1555 | |||||||||||||
| 5 November 1556 | |||||||||||||
| 21 April 1526–3 April 1752 | |||||||||||||
| 1680–1707 | |||||||||||||
| 1738–1740 | |||||||||||||
| 21 September 1857 | |||||||||||||
| 7 October 1858 | |||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
| 1690[1][2][3] | 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
• 1595 | 125,000,000[4] | ||||||||||||
• 1700 | 158,400,000 | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Rupee, Taka, dam[5] | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||||||
Mughal Samrajya ek early modern samrajya rahaa jon Indian subcontinent ke jaada hissa pe raaj karat rahaa. Aapan chotii pe, ii samrajya Indus Naddi Basin ke outside edges west me, northern Afghanistan northwest me, aur Kashmir north me, hian se highlands abhi ke Assam aur Bangladesh east me, aur chattaanof the Deccan Plateau ke South India me.[6][7]
Ii maana jaawe hae ki Mughal Samrajya 1526 me suruu bhais rahaa jab Babur, ek raaja jon abhi ke Uzbekistan hae, Safavid aur Ottoman Empire ke sahyog se[8] sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, ke First Battle of Panipat me harae ke North India ke plains ke aapan niche kar liis rahaa. Lekin Mughal imperial structure, ke kabhi-kabhi 1600 ke taarik dewa jaawe hae, jab Babur ke potaa, Akbar aapan raajya suruu karis rahaa.[9] Ii imperial structure 1720 talak chalaa rahaa, Aurangzeb ke maut ke kuchh din baad talak[10][11] jiske rajya ke time ii samrajya sab se barraa rahaa. Baad me ii chhotaa hoe ke 1760 talak Old Delhi ke lage ke ilaaka talak rahaa, aur ii samrajya ke British Raj , Indian Rebellion of 1857 ke baad khalaas kar de rahin.
Jab Mughal Samrajya military warfare se suruu bhais rahaa,[12][13][14] ii aapan niche ke sanskriti aur log ke bahut dabae ke kosis nai karis rahaa, lekin ii uulog ke support ke khaatir nawaa administrative practices suruu karis rahaa,[15][16] and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardised rule.[17] Ii samrajya ke puura daulat agricultural taxes, jiske tiisra Mughal emperor, Akbar implement karis rahaa, se aais rahaa.[18][19] Ii taxes, jon kisan ke kamai ke lagbhag aadha rahaa,[20] ke well-regulated silver currency se pay karaa jaawat rahaa,[17] jisse kisan aur artisans barraa market me jaae sake hae.[21]
Ii samrajya ke jamaana me, 17th century me shanti ke kaaran India ke econimy jor se barrha rahaa. [22] European log ke Indian Ocean me rahe se aur Indian raw aur finished products ke demand se Mughal court ke daulat aur barrhaa rahaa.[23]
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). "East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States". Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2): 219–229. doi:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369. ISSN 1076-156X.
- ↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. ISSN 0020-8833. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ↑ Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020) (in en). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92.
- ↑ Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-19-256430-6. "We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India's population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure even could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew over the seventeenth century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707."
- ↑ Richards 1995, pp. 73–74.
- ↑ (Stein 2010, pp. 159–). Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some 750,000 square miles [1,900,000 km2], ranging from the frontier with Central Asia in northern Afghanistan to the northern uplands of the Deccan plateau, and from the Indus basin on the west to the Assamese highlands in the east."
- ↑ Richards, John F. (2012-03-28) (in en). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-58406-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=4evztAEACAAJ.
- ↑ Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), South Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, p. 62, ISBN 978-0-19-066137-3, retrieved 15 July 2019 Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the newest of battlefield inventions, the matchlock gun and cast cannons, as well as instructors to train his men to use them."
- ↑ (Stein 2010, pp. 159–). Quote: "Another possible date for the beginning of the Mughal regime is 1600 when the institutions that defined the regime were set firmly in place and when the heartland of the empire was defined; both of these were the accomplishment of Babur's grandson Akbar."
- ↑ (Stein 2010, pp. 159–). Quote: "The imperial career of the Mughal house is conventionally reckoned to have ended in 1707 when the emperor Aurangzeb, a fifth-generation descendant of Babur, died. His fifty-year reign began in 1658 with the Mughal state seeming as strong as ever or even stronger. But in Aurangzeb's later years the state was brought to the brink of destruction, over which it toppled within a decade and a half after his death; by 1720 imperial Mughal rule was largely finished and an epoch of two imperial centuries had closed."
- ↑ (Richards 1995, p. xv). Quote: "By the latter date (1720) the essential structure of the centralized state was disintegrated beyond repair."
- ↑ (Stein 2010, pp. 159–). Quote: "The vaunting of such progenitors pointed up the central character of the Mughal regime as a warrior state: it was born in war and it was sustained by war until the eighteenth century when warfare destroyed it."
- ↑ (Robb 2011, pp. 108–). Quote: "The Mughal state was geared for war and succeeded while it won its battles. It controlled territory partly through its network of strongholds, from its fortified capitals in Agra, Delhi or Lahore, which defined its heartlands, to the converted and expanded forts of Rajasthan and the Deccan. The emperor's will be frequently enforced in battle. Hundreds of army scouts were an important source of information. But the empire's administrative structure too was defined by and directed at war. Local military checkpoints or thanas kept order. Directly appointed imperial military and civil commanders (faujdars) controlled the cavalry and infantry, or the administration, in each region. The peasantry in turn were often armed, able to provide supporters for regional powers, and liable to rebellion on their account: continual pacification was required of the rulers."
- ↑ Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), South Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, pp. 75–, ISBN 978-0-19-066137-3, archived from the original on 22 September 2023, retrieved 15 July 2019 Quote: "With Safavid and Ottoman aid, the Mughals would soon join these two powers in a triumvirate of warrior-driven, expansionist, and both militarily and bureaucratically efficient early modern states, now often called "gunpowder empires" due to their common proficiency is using such weapons to conquer lands they sought to control."
- ↑ Asher & Talbot 2006, p. 115.
- ↑ Robb 2011, pp. 99–100.
- 1 2 Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 152–.
- ↑ (Stein 2010, pp. 164–). Quote: "The resource base of Akbar's new order was land revenue"
- ↑ (Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 158–). Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture."
- ↑ (Stein 2010, pp. 164–). Quote: "... well over half of the output from the fields in his realm, after the costs of production had been met, is estimated to have been taken from the peasant producers by way of official taxes and unofficial exactions. Moreover, payments were exacted in money, and this required a well-regulated silver currency."
- ↑ (Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 152–). Quote: "His stipulation that land taxes be paid in cash forced peasants into market networks, where they could obtain the necessary money, while the standardization of imperial currency made the exchange of goods for money easier."
- ↑ (Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 152–). Quote: "Above all, the long period of relative peace ushered in by Akbar's power, and maintained by his successors, contributed to India's economic expansion."
- ↑ (Asher & Talbot 2006, pp. 186–). Quote: "As the European presence in India grew, their demands for Indian goods and trading rights increased, thus bringing even greater wealth to the already flush Indian courts."