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Maratha Samrajya

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Maratha Empire
Maratha Confederacy
1674–1818
Flag
Flag
Shivaji I ke royal seal of Marathas
Shivaji I ke royal seal
Motto: Har Har Mahādēv[1][2]
(English: "Praises to Mahādēv (Shiva)")
The Maratha Empire in 1760
The Maratha Empire in 1760
CapitalRoyal seat:
Peshwa's seat:
Poona (1728–1818)
Official languages
Religion
State religion:
Hinduism
Other:
Other religions in South Asia
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy (1674–1731)
Federal aristocracy with a restricted monarchial figurehead[3] (1731–1818)
Chhatrapati 
• 1674–1680 (first)
Shivaji I
• 1808–1818 (last)
Pratap Singh
Peshwa 
• 1674–1683 (first)
Moropant Pingle
• 1803–1818 (last)
Baji Rao II
• 1858–1859
Nana Saheb (claimed titular)
LegislatureAshta Pradhan
History 
• Coronation of Shivaji
6 June 1674
1680–1707
• Recognition of Shahu I as the legitimate ruler by Bahadur Shah I
3 August 1707
• Appointment of Balaji Vishwanath as hereditary Peshwa
16 November 1713[4][5]
7 January 1738
8 March 1758 – 14 January 1761
5 November 1817 – 9 April 1819
• Dissolution of the Maratha Confederacy
1818
Area
1760[6]2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi)
CurrencyRupee, Paisa, Mohur, Shivrai, Hon
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Mughal Empire
Bijapur Sultanate
Company Raj
Today part of

Maratha Samrajya,[7][8][9] mr[10][11][12] jiske Maratha Confederacy ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, ek early modern samrajya Indian subcontinent me rahaa. Isme Peshwa ke ilaaka aur chaar khaas ajaad Maratha states rahin.[13] jon sab Peshwa ke nominal leadership ke niche rahaa.

Marathas log Marathi- me baat kare waala western Deccan Plateau (abhi ke Maharashtra) ke rahin jon Shivaji (17th century) ke niche, Bijapur Sultanate aur Mughal Empire se revolt kar ke "Hindavi Swarajya" banae rahin. Emperor Aurangzeb ke attitude non-Muslims ke bagal ke kaaran dher non-Muslims khusi nai rahin, aur Maratha insurgency suruu bhais rahaa jisse des pe dhan aur aadmi ke dher kharchaa rahaa. [14][15] Maratha sarkar me warriors, administrators, aur duusra Marathi groups ke nobles rahin.[16] Shivaji ke monarchy, ke Maratha Samrajya, bola jaawe hae[17] jon 18th century me dher barr gais rahaa, Peshwa Bajirao I neta ke niche. Marathas, Shahu I ke time se Mughal emperor ke aapan neta maane rahin, uutime ke duusra Indian states ke rakam, lekin asliyat me, Mughal politics were ke jaada kar ke Maratha log 1737 aur 1803 ke biich me control karat rahin.[18][19][20]

1707 me, Aurangzeb ke maut ke baad, Shivaji ke potaa Shahu Peshwa Bajirao ke leadership ke niche, Maratha taagat ke revive kar diis aur dher authority Bhat palwaar ke diis rahaa, jon hereditary peshwas (prime ministers) ban gain. 1749 me uske maut ke baad, Bhatt palwaar raaj kare lagin. Agwai kare waala Maratha palwaar – Scindia, Holkar, Bhonsle, aur Gaekwad – aapan ilaake ke northern aur me barrhain aur ajaad hoe gay rahin. Marathas log ke jor se aage barrnaa ke uutime roka gais jab defeat of Panipat 1761 me, Durrani Empire ke agaianr uulog ke haar hoe gais rahaa. Jawaan Peshwa Madhavrao I ke maut ke baad Peshwa’s effective authority empire ke duusra chiefs ke uppar se khalaa hoe gais rahaa.[21][22][23] 1802 me jab Holkar raaj-kul uulog ke harae diis rahaa, Peshwa Baji Rao II British East India Company se sahaetaa maangis, jiske kaaran Maratha confederacy 1818 me, Second aur Third Anglo-Maratha Wars ke baad khalaas hoe gais rahaa.

References

[badlo | source ke badlo]
  1. ↑ Madan, T. N. (1988) (in en). Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 360. ISBN 978-81-208-0527-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA360.
  2. ↑ Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1978) (in en). Reflections on the Tantras. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-208-0691-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=CmaewdodLZQC&pg=PA75.
  3. ↑ "Maratha Aristocracy: The Scindias of Gwalior".
  4. ↑ Kincaid & Parasnis, p.156
  5. ↑ Haig L, t-Colonel Sir Wolseley (1967). The Cambridge History of India. 3 (III). Turks and Afghans. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University press. pp. 394. ISBN 9781343884571. https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  6. ↑ Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020) (in en). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92.
  7. ↑ Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A. (2017). The Routledge dictionary of pronunciation for current English (2nd ed.). London; New York: Routledge. pp. 803. ISBN 978-1-138-12566-7.
  8. ↑ Bollard, John K., ed. (1998). Pronouncing dictionary of proper names: pronunciations for more than 28,000 proper names, selected for currency, frequency, or difficulty of pronunciation (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mich: Omnigraphics. pp. 633. ISBN 978-0-7808-0098-4.
  9. ↑ Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A.; Konopka, Rafal (2001). The Oxford dictionary of pronunciation for current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 622. ISBN 978-0-19-863156-9. OCLC ocm46433686. https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm46433686.
  10. ↑ O'Hanlon, Rosalind (2016), "Maratha Empire", The Encyclopedia of Empire (in English), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–7, doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe357, ISBN 978-1-118-45507-4
  11. ↑ Guha, Sumit (2019-12-23), "The Maratha Empire", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History (in English), ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7
  12. ↑ Vendell, Dominic (2021-11-26). "Transacting Politics in the Maratha Empire: An Agreement between Friends, 1795". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 64 (5–6): 826–863. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341554. ISSN 1568-5209. "The secretaries Sridhar Lakshman and Krishnarao Madhav managed the communications of the Maratha ruler at Nagpur, while their partner, the merchant-moneylender Baburao Viswanath Vaidya, was the envoy of the Pune-based Peshwa, a powerful Brahmin minister and leader of the allied states comprising the Maratha Empire.".
  13. ↑ Kumar, Ravinder (2013). Western India in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in the Social History of Maharashtra. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-03146-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=1djYAQAAQBAJ. "Prominent among these chiefs were the Bhonsles who established themselves in Nagpur; the Scindhias who gained control of Gwalior; the Gaekwads who set themselves up in Baroda; and the Holkars who seized hold of Indore. Between the Peshwas and the Maratha chiefs there subsisted a relationship which it is most difficult to define. The chiefs were to all intents and purposes independent, yet they recognised the Peshwa as the head of the Maratha polity"
  14. ↑ Osborne, Eric W. (2020-07-03). "The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680–1707". Small Wars & Insurgencies 31 (5): 988–1009. doi:10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711. ISSN 0959-2318. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711.
  15. ↑ Clingingsmith, David; Williamson, Jeffrey G. (2008-07-01). "Deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India: Mughal decline, climate shocks and British industrial ascent" (in en). Explorations in Economic History 45 (3): 209–234. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2007.11.002. ISSN 0014-4983. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498307000447.
  16. ↑ Kantak, M.R. (1978). "The Political Role of Different Hindu Castes and Communities in Maharashtra in the Foundation of the Shivaji's Swarajya". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 38 (1): 44.
  17. ↑ Sen, Sailendra (1994). Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96. 2. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-789-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&dq=%22maratha+kingdom%22&pg=PA1. "While the distracted Maratha kingdom of Aurangzeb's later ycars was fighting for survival, none could foresee that the insignificant British settlements of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta would one day become the political and economic bases of a vast empire."
  18. ↑ Garg, Sanjay (2022). The Raj and the Rajas : Money and Coinage in Colonial India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-82889-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=0MudEAAAQBAJ. "From the Mughal point of view, the hostilities between the Company Bahadur and the Marathas could appear as a troublesome contest for power between the Imperial Diwan of Bengal and the Vakil-i Mutlaq or Imperial Regent. The actual participants of course were considerably more cynical of the position of the Emperor, both the English and Scindia treating their suzerain lord with scant respect..The paramount position of the Mughal within the rituals of supreme and sovereign authority may be amply demonstrated by reference to the coins of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Following the doctrine of khutba and sikka, new claimants to hegemony could be expected to be revealed on the coins of different jurisdictions. Yet for much of India they are not to be found. Reference to the graph at the end of this paper will confirm that both the Marathas and the British coined in the name of the Mughal."
  19. ↑ (Mehta 2005): "Vishwanath consolidated the Maratha power in the Deccan and led an expeditionary force to Delhi (1718–19) as an ally of the Sayyad brothers. He made the Maratha presence felt at the metropolis for the first time, secured the release of Shahu's family members from Mughal captivity, and obtained the confirmation of the Mughal-Maratha Treaty of 1718 from the emperor. This treaty, by which Shahu accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Mughal Crown in return for his right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi from all the six provinces of 'the Mughal Deccan'...Delhi became the hub of Maratha political and military activities with effect from 1752, and they used the Mughal emperor as a mere tool in their hands to wield the imperial powers in his name and under his nominal suzerainty."
  20. ↑ Vincent A. Smith (1981). The Oxford History of India, Edited by Percival Spear. Oxford University Press. p. 492. https://books.google.com/books?id=eev7zQEACAAJ. ""We have seen that the Marathas rather than the Persians or Afghans were the successors of the Mughuls as the holders of imperial power. The Persian attempt proved to be nothing more than a high-sounding raid while the Afghans of Ahmad Shah Abdali lacked the resources to sustain and the genius to exploit their victory. The Maratha succession proved to be an abortive one, but they controlled a larger part of India for a longer period than anyone else during the Anglo-Mughul interregnum""
  21. ↑ Ghosh, D.K. Ed. A Comprehensive History Of India Vol. 9. pp. 512–523. http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149767.
  22. ↑ New Cambridge History of India. The Marathas – Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4). http://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4.
  23. ↑ "Maratha confederacy | Maratha Empire, Peshwa, Shivaji | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in English). Retrieved 2025-04-24. The effective control of the peshwas ended with the great defeat of Panipat (1761) at the hands of the Afghans and the death of the young peshwa Madhav Rao I in 1772. Thereafter the Maratha state was a confederacy of five chiefs under the nominal leadership of the peshwa at Poona (now Pune) in western India. Though they united on occasion, as against the British (1775–82), more often they quarreled.
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