Magadha
Kingdom of Magadha | |||||||||||||
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| Unknown (by 1200 BCE) – 625 CE | |||||||||||||
.png) Magadha Samrajya aur duusra Mahajanapadas, duusra urbanisation ke time | |||||||||||||
 .png)     Magadha ke raaja log ke ilaaka ke barrhan 6th century BCE ke baad | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Rajagriha (Girivraj), Baad me, Pataliputra (abhi ke Patna) | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Sanskrit[1] Magadhi Prakrit Ardhamagadhi Prakrit | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Brahmanism Buddhism Jainism | ||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Māgadhī | ||||||||||||
| Magadha-based dynasties and empires | |||||||||||||
• c. 544 – c. 413 BCE | Haryanka dynasty | ||||||||||||
• c. 413 – c. 345 BCE | Shaishunaga dynasty | ||||||||||||
• c. 345 – c. 321 BCE | Nanda dynasty | ||||||||||||
• c. 321 – c. 185 BCE | Maurya Empire | ||||||||||||
• c. 185 – c. 73 BCE | Shunga Empire | ||||||||||||
• c. 73 – c. 28 BCE | Kanva dynasty | ||||||||||||
• c. 1st cent. BCE – c. 2nd cent. BCE | Extraneous rule by Mitra dynasty (Kosambi) | ||||||||||||
• c. 2nd – c. 3rd CE? | Extraneous rule by Kushan Empire and Mahameghavahana dynasty | ||||||||||||
• c. 240 – c. 579 CE | Gupta Empire | ||||||||||||
• c. 6th – c. 8th cent. CE | Later Guptas | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Iron Age | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Panas | ||||||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||||||
Magadha, puraana India ke ek ilaaka rahaa , jon eastern Ganges Plain me rahaa. Ii solah Mahajanapadas me se ek rahaa, duusra urbanisation period me. Ii ilaaka pe dher raaj-kul raaj kare rahin jon duusra Mahajanapadas ke kaabu me rakkhis, jiitis aur apne me mile liis rahaa. Magadha ke ek khaas bhimika rahaa Jainism aur Buddhism ke barrhai me[2] aur Maurya Empire (c. 320–185 BCE) ke core rahaa.
Jagha
[badlo | source ke badlo]Maghada Samrajya, uske aur barra hoe se pahile north, west, aur east me Gaṅgā, Son, aur Campā naddi se gheral rahaa, aur Vindhya mountains ke east iske southern border rahaa. Suruu waala Magadha Samrajya ke ilaaka, abhi ke Patna aur Gaya districts, Bihar hae.[3]
Barraa Magadha ke ilaaka me me parros ke eastern Gangetic plains ke ilaaka rahaa, aur iske ek anikha sankriti rahaa.
History
[badlo | source ke badlo]Vedic jamaana (semi-legendary) (ca. 1700 BC-6th cent. BCE)
[badlo | source ke badlo]Atharvaveda (5.22) (ca. 1200-900 BCE) me Magadhas log ke Anga, Gandharis aur Mujavats ke saathe likha hae ki ii non-Vedic tribes hae jon Kuru-Panchala sanjriti se baahar hae.[4]
Kikata sanrajya
[badlo | source ke badlo]Kuchh gyaani log ii paain hae kie Kīkaṭa tribe ke baare me Rigveda (3.53.14) me likha hae, jispe raaj Pramaganda karat rahaa—aur ii Magadha ke loj ke purwaj hae kaaheki baad ke putak me Kikata aur Magadha ke ekke des maana jaawat rahaa.[5] Jause Magadha log ke baare me Atharvaveda me hae, Rigveda, Kikatas ke ek dusman tribe batae hae, jon Brahmanical India ke siima se bahaar rahaa, jon Vedic sanskaar nai karat rahin, lekin Witzel ii bahas kare hae ki ii sahi nai hae ki Kikatas ke Magadha me rakkhaa jaawe, jaise Rigveda me likha hae "uulog ke [Kikata] ilaaka ke saaf bataawa gais hae ki ii kurukshestra ke south me hae, eastern Rajasthan nai to western Madhya Pradesh me, aur Magadha Rigveda ke time ke nai hae".[6]
Brihadratha dynasty
[badlo | source ke badlo]Puranas ke anusaar, prasidh[7] Brihadratha raaj-kul Magadha pe pahila raaj kare waala raaj-kul rahaa.
Mahajanapada (6th-4th cent. BCE)
[badlo | source ke badlo]_(cropped).jpg)
Duusra urbanisation
[badlo | source ke badlo]Duusra urbanisation, Greater Magadha me c. 500 BCE se suruu bhais rahaa, aur yahin jagha pe Jainism aur Buddhism suruu bhais rahaa.[8]
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ Jain, Dhanesh (2007). "Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages". In George Cardona. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 47–66, 51. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51.
- ↑ Damien Keown (26 August 2004). A Dictionary of Buddhism. OUP Oxford. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-19-157917-2. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198605607.001.0001/acref-9780198605607-e-1054?rskey=6R59Bf&result=1.
- ↑ Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1953). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty. University of Calcutta. pp. 110–118.
- ↑ Michael Witzel (1987), "On the localisation of Vedic texts and schools (Materials on Vedic Śākhās, 7)" in G. Pollet (ed.), India and the Ancient world. History, Trade and Culture before A.D. 650
- ↑ Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1995) (in en). Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 9788120813328. https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TVLlPvuMAC&pg=PA159.
- ↑ M. Witzel. "Rigvedic history: poets, chieftains, and polities," in The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. ed. G. Erdosy (Walter de Gruyer, 1995), p. 333
- ↑ Chakrabarty, D. K. (2010). The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties. OUP India. ISBN 978-0-19-908832-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Bronkhorst 2007, p.4: Bronkhorst "It is also in this area that a number of religious and spiritual movements arose, most famous among them Buddhism and Jainism.".