India ke itihaas

Insaan pahila dafe Indian subcontinent me 73,000 se 55,000 saal pahile.^[1] Sab se pahila jaana waala insaan ke remains, South Asia me, ke 30,000 saal pahile ke date karaa jaawe hae. Ek jagha rahe waala sankriti South Asia me lagbhag 7000 BCE me suruu bhais rahaa; aur 4500 BCE talak, settled jindagi fael gais rahaa,^[2] aur dhire-dhire Indus Valley Civilisation me hoe gais rahaa, jon puraana dunia ke ek cradle of civilisation hae,^[3]^[4] jon 2500 BCE aur 1900 BCE ke biich me abhi ke Pakistan aur north-western India me rahaa. Second millennium BCE ke suruwaat me, persistent jhuura ke kaaran Indus Valley ke abaadi sab bagal chhitraae gain aur city se jaae ke gaon me rahe lagin. Indo-Aryan tribes Punjab me Central Asia se aae ke bas gain dher waves of migration me. Vedic log ke Vedic jamaana northern India (1500–500 BCE) me ek extensive collections of hymns (Vedas) ke lokha gais rahaa. Uu log ke sanckriri ke ke loosely stratify karaa gais rahaa, varna system se, jon evolve hoe ke abhi ke Jāti system banaa. Jaanwar charaae waala, aur ek jagha se duusra jagha ghuume waala, Indo-Aryans Punjab se Gangetic plain me fael gay rahin. Lagbhag 600 BCE me, duusra urbanization bhais jiske kaaran ek nawaa interregional culture; jisme uutime ke chhotaa-chhota janapadas (realms) ke jorr ke mahajanapadas (great states) banaa rahaa. Ii jamaana me nawaa ascetic movements aur dharmik consepts suruu bhais rahaa,^[5] jisme Jainism aur Buddhism rahaa. Buddhism uutime ke dharmik bichaar se mil ke aabhi ke Hinduism banaa hae.

Chandragupta Maurya, Nanda Samrajya ke palat ke India ke pahiila barraa samrajya, Maurya Samrajya ke suruu karis rahaa. India ke Mauryan raaja Ashoka ke violent Kalinga War ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae, jiske baad uu Buddhism ke accept karis rahaa aur uske kosis ahinsa aue santi ke sanrajya bhar faelais rahaa. Ii jamaana me jorr se Śramaṇic dharam faela rahin.

References

↑ Michael D. Petraglia; Bridget Allchin (22 May 2007). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA10. Quote: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka."
↑ Wright 2010, pp. 44, 51.
↑ Wright 2010, p. 1.
↑ McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-Clio. p. 387. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC.
↑ Flood, Gavin. Olivelle, Patrick. 2003. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden: Blackwell. pp. 273–274

[1] Michael D. Petraglia; Bridget Allchin (22 May 2007). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA10. Quote: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka."

[FOOTNOTEWright201044,_51-2] Wright 2010, pp. 44, 51.

[FOOTNOTEWright20101-3] Wright 2010, p. 1.

[auto-4] McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-Clio. p. 387. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC.

[Flood_273-274-5] Flood, Gavin. Olivelle, Patrick. 2003. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden: Blackwell. pp. 273–274

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