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Ganymede

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Ganymede
Surface with swatches of light and dark brown. The bright crater on the lower left is the Tros crater.
Ganymede, sachchaa rang me, jiske Juno spacecraft
June 2021 me utaris rahaa[1]
Discovery[2][3]
Discovered byGalileo Galilei
Simon Marius
Discovery dateJanuary 7, 1610
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈɡænɪmiːd/
gan-IM-eed[4]
Named after
Γανυμήδης, Ganymēdēs
Jupiter Template:Rn
AdjectivesGanymedian,[5]
Ganymedean[6][7] (/ˌɡænəˈmiːdi.ən/)
Orbital characteristics
Periapsis1069200 km
Apoapsis1071600 km
1070400 km[8]
Eccentricity0.0013[8]
7.15455296 d[8]
10.880 km/s
Inclination2.214° (to the ecliptic)
0.20° (to Jupiter's equator)[8]
Satellite ofJupiter
GroupGalilean moon
Physical characteristics
2634.1±0.3 km (0.413 Earths)[9]
8.72×107 km2 (0.171 Earths)
Volume7.66×1010 km3 (0.0704 Earths)[lower-alpha 1]
Mass1.4819×1023 kg (0.025 Earths)[9]
Mean density
1.936 g/cm3 (0.351 Earths)[9]
1.428 m/s2 (0.146 g)[lower-alpha 2]
0.3115±0.0028[10]
2.741 km/s[lower-alpha 3]
synchronous
0–0.33°[11] (to Jupiter's equator)
North pole right ascension
268.20°[12]
North pole declination
64.57°[12]
Albedo0.43±0.02[13]
Surface temp. min mean max
K 70[14] 110[14] 152[15]
°C −203 −163 −121
4.61 (opposition)[13]
4.38 (in 1951)[16]
1.2 to 1.8 arcseconds
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
0.2–1.2 μPa (1.97×10−12–1.18×10−11 atm)[17]
Composition by volumemostly oxygen[17]

Ganymede, Brahaspati ke chaand hae aur Saur Mandal ke sab se barraa hae. Saturn ke sab se barraa chaand, Titan ke rakam, ii grah p Mercury se barraa hae, lekin iske surface gravity Mercury, Io, aur Chandarma se kamti hae, iske kamti density ke kaaran.[18] Ganymede, Brahaspati ke lagbhag hae saat din orbit kare hae aur ii 1:2:4 orbital resonance me chaand Europa aur Io se hae.

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  1. ↑ "'Tros Crater, Ganymede – PJ34-1 Detail' |".
  2. ↑ Galilei, Galileo; translated by Edward Carlos (March 1610). Barker, Peter (ed.). "Sidereus Nuncius" (PDF). University of Oklahoma History of Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  3. ↑ "In Depth | Ganymede". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  4. ↑ Template:Cite OED
    Template:Cite Merriam-Webster
  5. ↑ Quinn Passey & E. M. Shoemaker (1982) "Craters on Ganymede and Callisto", in David Morrison, ed., Satellites of Jupiter, vol. 3, International Astronomical Union, pp. 385–386, 411.
  6. ↑ Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95 (1990).
  7. ↑ E. M. Shoemaker et al. (1982) "Geology of Ganymede", in David Morrison, ed., Satellites of Jupiter, vol. 3, International Astronomical Union, pp. 464, 482, 496.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters". Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2008.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Showman, Adam P.; Malhotra, Renu (October 1, 1999). "The Galilean Satellites". Science 286 (5437): 77–84. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.77. PMID 10506564. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110514231040/http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/showman-malhotra-1999.pdf. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  10. ↑ Schubert, G.; Anderson, J. D.; Spohn, T.; McKinnon, W. B. (2004). "Interior composition, structure and dynamics of the Galilean satellites". In Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T. E.; McKinnon, W. B.. Jupiter: the planet, satellites, and magnetosphere. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 281–306. ISBN 978-0521035453. OCLC 54081598. https://books.google.com/books?id=aMERHqj9ivcC&pg=PA281. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  11. ↑ Bills, Bruce G. (2005). "Free and forced obliquities of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter". Icarus 175 (1): 233–247. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.028. https://zenodo.org/record/1259023. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L. et al. (2018). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015" (in en). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 130 (3): 22. doi:10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5. ISSN 0923-2958. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Yeomans, Donald K. (July 13, 2006). "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2007.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Delitsky, Mona L.; Lane, Arthur L. (1998). "Ice chemistry of Galilean satellites". J. Geophys. Res. 103 (E13): 31,391–31,403. doi:10.1029/1998JE900020. https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/bitstream/handle/2014/20675/98-1725.pdf.
  15. ↑ Orton, G. S.; Spencer, G. R. et al. (1996). "Galileo Photopolarimeter-radiometer observations of Jupiter and the Galilean Satellites". Science 274 (5286): 389–391. doi:10.1126/science.274.5286.389.
  16. ↑ Yeomans; Chamberlin. "Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Ganymede (Major Body 503)". California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2010. (4.38 on 1951-Oct-03).
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Hall, D. T.; Feldman, P. D. et al. (1998). "The Far-Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede". The Astrophysical Journal 499 (1): 475–481. doi:10.1086/305604.
  18. ↑ "Ganymede Fact Sheet". www2.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on January 5, 1997. Retrieved January 14, 2010.


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