Europa
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| Discovery | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discovered by | Galileo Galilei Simon Marius | ||||||||
| Discovery date | 8 January 1610 | ||||||||
| Designations | |||||||||
| Pronunciation | /jʊˈroʊpə/[2] | ||||||||
Named after | Ευρώπη Eurōpē | ||||||||
| Jupiter Template:Rn | |||||||||
| Adjectives | Europan /jʊˈroʊpən/[3][4] | ||||||||
| Orbital characteristics[5] | |||||||||
| Epoch 8 January 2004 | |||||||||
| Periapsis | 664862 km Periapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): a(1 − e).</ref> | ||||||||
| Apoapsis | 676938 km Apoapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): a(1 + e).</ref> | ||||||||
Mean orbit radius | 670900 km[6] | ||||||||
| Eccentricity | 0.009[6] | ||||||||
| 3.551181 d[6] | |||||||||
Average orbital speed | 13743.36 m/s[7] | ||||||||
| Inclination | 0.470° (to Jupiter's equator) 1.791° (to the ecliptic)[6] | ||||||||
| Satellite of | Jupiter | ||||||||
| Group | Galilean moon | ||||||||
| Physical characteristics | |||||||||
| 1560.8±0.5 km (0.245 Earths)[8] | |||||||||
| 3.061×107 km2 (0.061 Earths) Surface area derived from the radius (r): 4πr 2. | |||||||||
| Volume | 1.593×1010 km3 (0.015 Earths) Volume derived from the radius (r): 4/3πr 3.</ref> | ||||||||
| Mass | 4.79984×1022 kg (0.008 Earths)[8] | ||||||||
Mean density | 3.013±0.005 g/cm3 (0.546 Earths)[8] | ||||||||
| 1.314 m/s2 (0.134 g) Surface gravity derived from the mass (m), the gravitational constant (G) and the radius (r): Gm/r2.</ref> | |||||||||
| 0.346±0.005[9] (estimate) | |||||||||
| 2.025 km/s Escape velocity derived from the mass (m), the gravitational constant (G) and the radius (r): .</ref> | |||||||||
| Synchronous | |||||||||
| 0.1°[10] (to Jupiter) | |||||||||
North pole right ascension | 268.08° [11] | ||||||||
North pole declination | 64.51° [11] | ||||||||
| Albedo | 0.67 ± 0.03[8] | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| 5.29 (opposition)[8] | |||||||||
| Atmosphere | |||||||||
Surface pressure | 0.1 μPa (10−12 bar)[12] | ||||||||
Europa Brahaspati ke chaand hae. Iske dunia se sadhaaran durbiiin se dekha jaae sake hae aur chaar Galilean moons me se ek hae. Ii sab se chhotaa chaand hae jon Brahaspati ke parikrama kare hae, aur ii dunia ke chandarma se thorraa chhota hae. Europa ek icy chaand hae, aur ii Brahaspati ke tiin icy chaand me se Brahaspati ke sab se nagiich hae. Iske kaaran iske surface kaafi nawaa hae, jiske kaaran tidal heating hae.
Saur mandal (Solar System)
| |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||||
| Suraj • Heliosphere |
Grah (Planets) ☾ = Chaand ∅ = rings |
Budhgrah (Mercury) | Sukhgrah (Venus) | Dunia (Earth) ☾ | Mangalgrah (Mars) ☾ | ||
| Brahaspati (Jupiter) ☾ ∅ | Sanigrah (Saturn) ☾ ∅ | Arungrah (Uranus) ☾ ∅ | Varungrah (Neptune) ☾ ∅ | ||||
| Bauna grah (Dwarf planet) |
Ceres | Pluto ☾ | Haumea ☾ | Makemake | |||
| Eris ☾ | |||||||
| Small Solar System bodies |
Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets) |
Groups and families: Vulcanoids · Near-Earth asteroids · Asteroid belt Jupiter Trojans · Centaurs · Neptune Trojans · Asteroid moons · Meteoroids · Pallas · Juno · Vesta · Hygiea · | |||||
| See also the list of asteroids. | |||||||
| Trans- Neptunians |
Kuiper belt – Plutinos: Orcus · Ixion – Cubewanos: Varuna · Quaoar · Huya | ||||||
| Scattered disc: Sedna | |||||||
| Jhaarru | Lists of periodic and non-periodic comets Damocloids · Hills baadal · Oort baadal | ||||||
| See also the list of solar system objects | |||||||
- ↑ "JunoCam Image of Europa from Flyby". Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
- ↑ "Europa". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
- ↑ Lucchita, B. K.; Soderblom, L. A. (1982). Morrison, David. ed. Satellites of Jupiter. Space science series. Tucson, Ariz: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-0762-7. https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/system/actioncallout/4/f/d/4fd096aa-d130-495a-a611-80deb03ab195/attachment/28561a2d1a1959358964a24da9723ff2.pdf.
- ↑ Greenberg (2005) Europa: the ocean moon
- ↑ "JPL HORIZONS solar system data and ephemeris computation service". Solar System Dynamics. NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Overview of Europa Facts". NASA. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ↑ "By the Numbers | Europa". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Yeomans, Donald K. (13 July 2006). "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
- ↑ Showman, A. P.; Malhotra, R. (1 October 1999). "The Galilean Satellites". Science 286 (5437): 77–84. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.77. PMID 10506564.
- ↑ Bills, Bruce G. (2005). "Free and forced obliquities of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter". Icarus 175 (1): 233–247. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.028. https://zenodo.org/record/1259023. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L. et al. (2018). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015" (in en). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 130 (3): 22. doi:10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5. ISSN 0923-2958. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5.
- ↑ McGrath (2009). "Atmosphere of Europa". Europa. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2844-8.