Ek Ishwarwaad

Ek Ishwarwaad ((Monotheism) me khaali ek bhagwaan, nai to khaas sevtaa me biswas karaa jaawe hae.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Ekmaatr monotheism me khaali ek bhagwaan rahe hae , aur koi devta nai. Pluriform monotheism me dher devtaa rahe hae lekin ii sab ke ek bhagwaan ke dher ruup maana jaae hae.^[2]

Monotheism, "henitheism" se different hae, kaaheki isme ek biswas kare waala ek bhagwaan me biswas kare hae lekin ii maane hae ki duusre log jon bhagwaan me biswas kare hae uu ekke chij hae. "Monolatrism" me sher detaa me biswas karaa jaae hae lekin khaali ek ke puja jaae hae.^[6] Monolatry sabd ke sab se pahile Julius Wellhausen kaam me laais rahaa.^[7]

Ek Ishwarwaad me Atenism, Babism, Bahá'í Faith aur Isai Dharam me biswas karaa jaae hae. Catholic Encyclopoedia, Isai dharam me monothism ke confirm kare hae.

Itihaas

Iron-Age ke samay, South Asia ke Vedic jamaana^[8], me monotheism ke bagal jhukao rahaa. Rigveda me [ Brahman]] bhagwaan maana jaae hae.^[9] Baad ke Hindu biswas dher bhagwaan me biswas hae lekin ek supreme Brahman hae.

China me Shang dynasty (1766 BC) se abhi talak ek bhagwaan me biswas karaa jaae hae.^[10]

6th century BC se Zoroastrian log ek bhagwaan, Ahura Mazda, me biswas kare hae.^[11]

6th century BC me Judaism me ek bhagwaan me biswas karaa jaat rahaa.^[12]

Ilaaka

Africa

Eastern Africa

Nile valley ke log 5000 BC me "Waaq", ek aasmaan ke Bhagwaan, ke puja karat rahin. Jab ii log south ke bagal nigrate bhain tab ii logan ii biswas ke rakhe rahin, jaise aaj kal ke Masai, lekin ii biswas ke "ancestor worship" aur spirits me biswas ke saathe puja karaa jaawat rahaa. ^[13] Dher Nilotic bhasa me baat kare waala log puraana ek Bhagwaan me biswas kare waala log se decendant hae.^[14]^[15] Horn of Africa ke ke dher log yahi sankriti ke rahin lekin aaj kar Islam nai to [Isai dharam]] ke maane hae.^[16]

Puraana Egypt

Atenism

1348/1346BC me Atenism ke Egypt me suruu karaa gais rahaa. Isme Aten, surya bhgwaan ke sab se barraa Bhagwaan maana jaawat rahaa.^[17]

Americas

Native American dharam

Native American dharam ek ishwarwaad, dher bhagwaan me biswas, henotheistic, animistic, nai to ii sab ke koi combination rahat rahaa. Jaise Cherokee dharam Ek ishwarwaad aur pantheist rahaa.^[18]

Ek barraa aatma (spirit) jiske Sioux log "Wakan Tanka" bole hae aur "Gitche Manitou" jon Algonquian bhasa me ek "supreme being" hae, Canada aur America ke natives me common hae. ^[19] Lakota log ke anusaar "Wakan Tanka" ke matlab "Great Mystery" hae.^[20]

Aztec pandit aur barra admi log ii nischay pe aae rahin ki Toet ek universal force hae jiske dher ruup hae. ^[21]

Asia

South Asia

Hinduism

Krishna aapan *Vishvarupa* (universal form) Kurukshetra ke battlefield me Arjuna ke dekhae hae

Ek puraana dharam hoe ke anusaar Hinduism dharmik concept ke inherit karis hae jisme polytheism, panentheism, pantheism, monism, aur atheism hae. ^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25] aur iske Bhagwaan ke concept complex hae aur individual ke uppar nirbhar hae.

Rig Veda 1.164.46,

Indraṃ mitraṃ varuṇamaghnimāhuratho divyaḥ sa suparṇo gharutmān,

ekaṃ sad viprā bahudhā vadantyaghniṃ yamaṃ mātariśvānamāhuḥ

"Uulog iske Indra, Mitra, Varuṇa, Agni, aur swarag ke nobly-winged Garuda.

Jon chij ek hae, gyani log dher s give manaam de hae, aur iske Agni, Yama, Mātariśvan bola jaae hae." (trans. Griffith)

Sikhism

Sikhism ek Bhagwaan me biswas kare waala dharam hae^[26]^[27] and a revealed religion.^[28] Sikhism me Bhagwaan ke Akal Purakh bola jaae hae (jiske matlab "The Immortal Being") nai to Vāhigurū (Wondrous Enlightener) hae.

Duusra websites

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

References

↑ "14.2: Types of Religions". 4 June 2020.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 "Monotheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 May 2023.
↑ Monotheism. Hutchinson Encyclopedia (12th edition). p. 644.
↑ Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
↑ William Wainwright (2018). "Monotheism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
↑ Frank E. Eakin, Jr. The Religion and Culture of Israel (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1971), 70.
↑ Mackintosh, Robert (1916). "Monolatry and Henotheism". Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. VIII. p. 810. Retrieved Jan 21, 2016.
↑ Sharma, Chandradhar (1962). "Chronological Summary of History of Indian Philosophy". Indian Philosophy: A Critical Survey. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. vi.
↑ "Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 10: HYMN CXC. Creation". www.sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-20. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
↑ Homer H. Dubs, "Theism and Naturalism in Ancient Chinese Philosophy", Philosophy of East and West, Vol. 9, No. 3/4, 1959
↑ "The Zend Avesta, Part II (SBE23): Nyâyis: I. Khôrshêd Nyâyis". www.sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
↑ Gnuse, Robert Karl (1 May 1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 225. ISBN 1-85075-657-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=pBSJNDndGjwC&pg=PA225.
↑ Dunbar, R.I.M. (2023). "Why did doctrinal religions first appear in the Northern Subtropical Zone?". Evolutionary Human Sciences 5. doi:10.1017/ehs.2023.13. ISSN 2513-843X. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2023.13.
↑ Prendergast, Mary E.; Lipson, Mark; Sawchuk, Elizabeth A.; Olalde, Iñigo; Ogola, Christine A.; Rohland, Nadin; Sirak, Kendra A.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly; Culleton, Brendan J.; Eccles, Laurie; Harper, Thomas K.; Lawson, Ann Marie (5 July 2019). "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448). doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405
↑ Wang, Ke; Goldstein, Steven; Bleasdale, Madeleine; Clist, Bernard; Bostoen, Koen; Bakwa-Lufu, Paul; Buck, Laura T.; Crowther, Alison; Dème, Alioune; McIntosh, Roderick J.; Mercader, Julio; Ogola, Christine; Power, Robert C.; Sawchuk, Elizabeth; Robertshaw, Peter (12 June 2020). "Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa". Science Advances. 6 (24). doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7292641. PMID 32582847
↑ Mire, Sada (5 February 2020). Divine Fertility. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-76925-2
↑ David, Rosalie (1998). Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt. Facts on File. p. 125. ISBN 9780816033126. https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein00aros.
↑ Buskirk, Kathy Van (2007-04-04). "The Cherokee religion". New Statesman (in English). Retrieved 2024-02-28.
↑ Thomas, Robert Murray. Manitou and God: North-American Indian Religions and Christian Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. ISBN 0313347794 pg 35.
↑ Means, Robert. Where White Men Fear to Tread: The Autobiography of Russell Means. Macmillan, 1995. ISBN 0312147619 pg 241.
↑ James Maffie (2005). "Aztec Philosophy". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
↑ Rogers, Peter (2009), Ultimate Truth, Book 1, AuthorHouse, p. 109, ISBN 978-1-4389-7968-7
↑ Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991), Hinduism, a way of life, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., p. 71, ISBN 978-81-208-0899-7
↑ "Polytheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
↑ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2002), The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore, Routledge, p. 38, ISBN 978-1-56023-181-3
↑ Mark Juergensmeyer, Gurinder Singh Mann (2006). The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions. US: Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-19-513798-9.
↑ Ardinger, Barbara (2006). Pagan Every Day: Finding the Extraordinary in Our Ordinary Lives. Weisfer. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-57863-332-6.
↑ Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (15 November 2005). Sikhi: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-19-280601-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC&pg=PP6. Retrieved 19 July 2010.

[1] "14.2: Types of Religions". 4 June 2020.

[EncyclopædiaBritannica-2] 2.0 ^2.1 "Monotheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 May 2023.

[3] Monotheism. Hutchinson Encyclopedia (12th edition). p. 644.

[odccmono-4] Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[5] William Wainwright (2018). "Monotheism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.

[6] Frank E. Eakin, Jr. The Religion and Culture of Israel (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1971), 70.

[7] Mackintosh, Robert (1916). "Monolatry and Henotheism". Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. VIII. p. 810. Retrieved Jan 21, 2016.

[8] Sharma, Chandradhar (1962). "Chronological Summary of History of Indian Philosophy". Indian Philosophy: A Critical Survey. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. vi.

[9] "Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 10: HYMN CXC. Creation". www.sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-20. Retrieved 2022-08-05.

[ReferenceA-10] Homer H. Dubs, "Theism and Naturalism in Ancient Chinese Philosophy", Philosophy of East and West, Vol. 9, No. 3/4, 1959

[11] "The Zend Avesta, Part II (SBE23): Nyâyis: I. Khôrshêd Nyâyis". www.sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2022-08-05.

[auto-12] Gnuse, Robert Karl (1 May 1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 225. ISBN 1-85075-657-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=pBSJNDndGjwC&pg=PA225.

[Dunbar2023-13] Dunbar, R.I.M. (2023). "Why did doctrinal religions first appear in the Northern Subtropical Zone?". Evolutionary Human Sciences 5. doi:10.1017/ehs.2023.13. ISSN 2513-843X. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2023.13.

[14] Prendergast, Mary E.; Lipson, Mark; Sawchuk, Elizabeth A.; Olalde, Iñigo; Ogola, Christine A.; Rohland, Nadin; Sirak, Kendra A.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly; Culleton, Brendan J.; Eccles, Laurie; Harper, Thomas K.; Lawson, Ann Marie (5 July 2019). "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448). doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405

[15] Wang, Ke; Goldstein, Steven; Bleasdale, Madeleine; Clist, Bernard; Bostoen, Koen; Bakwa-Lufu, Paul; Buck, Laura T.; Crowther, Alison; Dème, Alioune; McIntosh, Roderick J.; Mercader, Julio; Ogola, Christine; Power, Robert C.; Sawchuk, Elizabeth; Robertshaw, Peter (12 June 2020). "Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa". Science Advances. 6 (24). doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7292641. PMID 32582847

[16] Mire, Sada (5 February 2020). Divine Fertility. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-76925-2

[17] David, Rosalie (1998). Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt. Facts on File. p. 125. ISBN 9780816033126. https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein00aros.

[18] Buskirk, Kathy Van (2007-04-04). "The Cherokee religion". New Statesman (in English). Retrieved 2024-02-28.

[Thomas-19] Thomas, Robert Murray. Manitou and God: North-American Indian Religions and Christian Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. ISBN 0313347794 pg 35.

[Means-20] Means, Robert. Where White Men Fear to Tread: The Autobiography of Russell Means. Macmillan, 1995. ISBN 0312147619 pg 241.

[iepMaffie-21] James Maffie (2005). "Aztec Philosophy". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

[22] Rogers, Peter (2009), Ultimate Truth, Book 1, AuthorHouse, p. 109, ISBN 978-1-4389-7968-7

[23] Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991), Hinduism, a way of life, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., p. 71, ISBN 978-81-208-0899-7

[EBpolytheism-24] "Polytheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-05.

[25] Pattanaik, Devdutt (2002), The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore, Routledge, p. 38, ISBN 978-1-56023-181-3

[26] Mark Juergensmeyer, Gurinder Singh Mann (2006). The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions. US: Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-19-513798-9.

[27] Ardinger, Barbara (2006). Pagan Every Day: Finding the Extraordinary in Our Ordinary Lives. Weisfer. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-57863-332-6.

[Nesbitt2005-28] Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (15 November 2005). Sikhi: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-19-280601-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC&pg=PP6. Retrieved 19 July 2010.

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